question

Luther's initial stimulus for formulating the Ninety-Five Theses was

answer

The sale of indulgences

question

The author of the Ninety-Five Theses was

answer

Martin Luther

question

The Catholic church dramatically pushed the sale of indulgences in the sixteenth century because of the

answer

Need to raise funds for the construction of St. Peter's basilica

question

Who said "I cannot and will not recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to act against one's conscience. Here I stand. I can do no other"?

answer

Martin Luther

question

Henry VIII's reformation in England

answer

Was much more politically driven than Luther's reformation

question

The event that inspired Henry VIII to confront the pope was

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Henry's desire to gain a divorce

question

The author of the Institutes of the Christian Religion was

answer

Calvin

question

The city that stood as John Calvin's model Protestant community was

answer

Geneva

question

Which one of the following was not one of the pillars of the Catholic Reformation?

answer

The religious fervor of the Renaissance popes

question

The Council that helped define and advance the Catholic Reformation took place in

answer

Trent

question

The Council of Trent

answer

Took steps to reform the Catholic church

question

Ignatius Loyola was instrumental in

answer

Creating the Society of Jesus

question

The explosion of witch-hunting in the sixteenth century was most probably caused by

answer

Tensions between Catholics and Protestants

question

Ninety-five percent of the condemned witches were

answer

Women

question

The Spanish leader who sent an armada against England in 1588 was

answer

Philip II

question

The leader of England during the attempted invasion of the Spanish Armada was

answer

Elizabeth I

question

The most destructive European conflict before the twentieth century was

answer

The Thirty Years' War

question

Charles V was the

answer

leader who tried, but failed, the centralized authority in the Holy Roman Empire

question

Which of the following factors was not one of the reasons for Charles V's failure to build a centralized, sovereign state in the Holy Roman Empire?

answer

Frequent invasions by England

question

The Spanish Inquisition was first established in 1478 by

answer

Fernando and Isabel

question

Which of the following states developed constitutional governments in the seventeenth century?

answer

England and the Netherlands

question

The English Civil War ended with the trial and decapitation of

answer

Charles I

question

The architect of French absolutism was

answer

Cardinal Richelieu

question

The individual associated with the phrase "l'état, c'est moi" was

answer

Louis XIV

question

Which of the following was not one of the policies pursued by Louis XIV?

answer

An attempt to make the nobles an active part of the government

question

Versailles was the magnificent royal palace of

answer

Louis XIV

question

Catherine the Great's attempts at reform in Russia were essentially ended by

answer

Pugachev's Rebellion

question

The most important consequence of the Peace of Westphalia was

answer

Promoting the notion that the European nations viewed each other as sovereign and equal

question

Which of the following conflicts in the largest war to unfold in the wake of the Peace of Westphalia?

answer

The Seven Years' War

question

The fundamental principle of diplomacy in early modern Europe was

answer

The balance of power

question

By 1800, the population of Europe had risen to

answer

180 million

question

The system by which unfinished materials were delivered to rural households for production was known as the

answer

Putting-out system

question

The first great philosophical proponent of capitalism was

answer

Adam Smith

question

The Ptolemaic universe was based on

answer

A motionless earth surrounded by nine hollow spheres

question

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres was written by

answer

Nicolaus Copernicus

question

That planetary orbits are elliptical, not circular, was demonstrated by

answer

Kepler

question

The theory of universal gravity is associated with

answer

Isaac Newton

question

Most Enlightenment philosophers believed

answer

In the notion of progress

question

Which one of the following was not one of Luther's problems with the Roman Catholic church?

answer

The church's decision to translate the Bible into vernacular languages

question

In the centuries following the fall of Rome, the only unifying force for all of Europe was

answer

The Catholic church

question

The religious struggle in the Dutch provinces finally resulted in

answer

A geographic split between the Protestant north and the Catholic south

question

Which one of these states did not become a powerful sovereign state during the centuries after 1500?

answer

Holy Roman Empire

question

The bloodless change of power in 1688-1689 that ensured representative, constitutional government in England was known as

answer

The Glorious Revolution

question

Which of the following was not a part of Peter the Great's policy of westernization?

answer

Political liberalization

question

When Voltaire urged his readers to "crush the damned thing," he was talking about

answer

The church

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