AP World History Chapter 22 – Flashcards
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What is "enclosure"?
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restriction of common agricultural land.
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What new crop contributed to the agricultural revolution?
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The potato
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The agricultural revolution was a change in farming methods and crops. List 4 results of this revolution.
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all of these
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What were "cottage industries"?
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Merchants delivered raw materials to craftspeople and picked up the finished producs
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What was the most profitable item in international trade in the 18th century?
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sugar
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List 4 factors that gave Britain a "head start" on the Industrial Revolution.
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NOT it recovered from the plague more quickly than the rest of Europe
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Britain's social structure is described as being "more fluid" than the rest of Europe. What is the most likely reason for that?
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It had a less powerful aristocracy.
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List 2 new forms of energy that were important for industrialization.
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electricity and steam engine
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List 4 efforts that European governments made to stimulate their economies
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All of the above
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Why was industrialization of continental Europe more difficult than in Britain?
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Ongoing wars slowed the diffusion of British technologies and discouraged investment in industrial production.
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What does "division of labor" in manufacturing mean?
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dividing work into specialized and repetitive tasks
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The pottery industry in England became successful by utilizing what method?
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mass production
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Why did England begin importing raw cotton?
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The English Parliament banned importation of cotton cloth
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What were among the new inventions developed to weave cotton textiles?
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the spinning jenny and water frame
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Mechanization offered what two major advantages?
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Both lower prices for consumers and increased productivity for the manufacturer.
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As a result of industrialization of Britain, what was the most valuable crop in America?
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cotton
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Iron production was transformed by what discovery made by Abraham Darby?
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it was much cheaper if coke was used in the place of charcoal in the smelting process
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What development was a significant contribution to the mass manufacture of cheap metal items?
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interchangeable parts
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The most revolutionary invention of the Industrial Revolution was James Watt's ____________ .
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steam engine
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The United States was the first country to create commercially viable steamships. The major transportation artery that opened the Great Lakes area to European settlement was the _______.
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Erie Canal
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In continental Europe, industries such as iron, construction, and machinery were greatly stimulated by what?
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railroads
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What invention revolutionized communication during the Industrial Revolution?
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The electric telegraph
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What was one of the profound effects that industrialization had on the world?
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Western Europe and North America were empowered at the expense of the rest of the world.
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On who did urbanization had the greatest impact?
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the poor, who came to increasingly overcrowded cities from rural areas of work.
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List 4 characteristics of poor urban neighborhoods.
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They were often filled with overcrowded tenements, There was an atmosphere of filth, pollution, and sewage, The danger of typhus, smallpox, dysentery, and tuberculosis was very high, Houses were often mixed in with factories. *Not "Most poor urbanites lived in factory owned apartment buildings."
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The most obvious change in rural life during the Industrial Revolution was the appearance of new _____, _____, and _____.
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roads, canals, and railroads.
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The engineering of canals was subsequently turned towards transforming lands for __________.
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railroads
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What was a significant technology that transformed the lives of factory workers' hours?
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gas lighting
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In the early years of industrialization, where did most women work (what kind of work)?
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domestic servant positions
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Why did industrial work have an enormous effect on the family?
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work was now removed from the home and family members were separated all day
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Women typically earned ___________________ as much as men.
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one-third to one-half as much as men.
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Single women and married women both did factory work but for different reasons. Why did married women work?
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married women worked if their husbands were unable to support their families.
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When child labor laws began to pass in England, what did factory owners do to make up for the loss of workers?
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factory owners simple replaced child workers with Irish immigrants, who were cheaper
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Who were the real beneficiaries of the Industrial revolution, according to your text?
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The Middle Class
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In the United States, many factory owners opened their factories with a commitment to decent wages and housing. However, what did the owners eventually do?
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but eventually lowered wages and imposed longer hours
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The cotton boom enriched planters as well as manufacturers and created a high demand for _______.
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slaves
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With industrialization, the role of middle-class women became management of the home, children, and servants. What was this known as?
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the cult of domesticity
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In The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith proposes that the government should not __________.
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not interfere in business
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Smith's argument challenged the prevailing economic model of the time, which was _________.
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mercantilism
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What was Thomas Malthus's explanation of workers' misfortunes?
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the population was out growing the food supply and leading to falling wages
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Who argued that Germany could only effectively compete with Britain by erecting tariffs against British imports?
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Friedrich List
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What is positivism?
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the views of French socialists who proposed that workers form communities under the protection of business leaders and that social and economic problems could be solved by application of the scientific method
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Chartism appealed to which group in England?
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industrial workers and miners.
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List 4 ways in which workers resisted harsh treatment.
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Changing their jobs frequently, Doing poor-quality work, Rioting and going on strike, Being absent on Mondays
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What was the Factory Act of 1833?
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prohibited textile mills from employing workers under the age of nine.
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How did industrialization affect the relationship between western Europe and the non-Western world?
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became based on Western dominance
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How did industrialization change China's relationship with the West?
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European steam-powered gunboats humiliated China's military.
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Why did Britain discourage the efforts of Egypt to industrialize?
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Britain didn't want Egypt to become powerful and interfere with Britain's empire.
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What was Britain's main strategy to eliminate competition in trade?
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flood the market with cheap goods and drive competitors out of business
