AP World History Chapter 20: Africa and the Africans – Flashcards
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What linked Africa to the world economy?
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slave trade
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What did forced migration result in?
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international exchange of disease, food, ideas
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What were factors in the development of large kingdoms in Africa?
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firearms increase of population improved agriculture demand for slaves
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What were the Portuguese trading forts called? What was the most important outpost located?
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factories, 1482 at El Mina
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How did the local rulers react to these forts?
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they approved, because of trade benefits
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How did this trade between Africa and the Portuguese work?
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Africans aquired goods from Portuguese and in return received ivory, pepper, animal skins and gold
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What did they try to do besides trade with the Africans?
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convert the rulers of Benin, Kongo, and other kingdoms
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What African kingdom had the most success with missionary conversion?
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kongo
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Who was Nzinga Mvemba?
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king of kongo from 1507-1543 converted to Christianity
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What became the basis for the Portuguese colony?
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Luanda- 1570s on the coast basis for Angola
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Who displaced the Portuguese later?
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Dutch, English, French
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What goods did the Portuguese initially seek? What replaced it?
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gold and peppers replaced by slavery
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What year did the first slaves arrive in Africa from Portugal?
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1441
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What crop added an emphasis on the slave trade and where?
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sugar in the Canaries Islands and Maderia
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What is the estimated number of slaves shipped across the Atlantic between 1450 and 1850?
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12 million
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What was the mortality rate on the ship during the Middle Passage?
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10-20% on the ship total 25-40%
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How many actually arrived in the Americas?
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10-11 million
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What century was the greatest age of the Atlantic slave trade?
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18th
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Why was the high volume of slave trade neccessary to the slave owners?
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slave mortality and fertility was low
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What region received the most slaves in the Americas than any other between 1550 and 1850?
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American plantations in Brazil
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By the 16th century the majority of slaves were exported from?
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Senegambia region
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How were the trans-Atlantic slave trades different?
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trans saharan- focused on women trans atlantic- focused on men
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How did the Atlantic slave trade have a demographic impact on Africa?
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skewed the porportion of women to men in African society
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What is the Royal African Company?
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chartered in the 1660s to establish a monopoly over the slave trade among British merchants
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The Spanish term for a healthy male?
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Indies Piece
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Was the slave trade profitable for the capital needed for the Industrial revolution?
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No 5-10% profit
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What is the Triangular trade?
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commerce linking Africa, the New World, and Europe
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How did Europeans rationalize their part in the slave trade?
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slavery already existed in the continent increase in wealth and status
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How was slavery viewed in the Sudanic states of the Savannah?
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fate for nonbelievers illegal for Muslims
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What were the results of the presence of europeans right on the coast?
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shift of the locuse of power within Africa
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What were the results hust beyond the coast?
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redirected trade to the coast
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What was the gun and slave cycle that enabled centralizing states to expand more rapidly?
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increased firepower allowed for these states to expand produce more slaves, and trade for guns
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What was Asante? What did they trade?
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established in the Gold Coast among Akan people settled around Kumasi traded gold and kola nut. developed during slavery at the Gold coast
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Who is Osei TuTu?
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Member of Oyoko clan of Akan people, linked clans unified Asante Empire in 1701
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What is the title given to the supreme civil and religious leader of the Asante?
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Asantehene
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What was Dahomey and how did the Dahomey kingdom rule?
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kingdom developed among the Fon peoples, the kings ruled with advice from councils but with access to firearms and a brutal political regime based on the slave trade
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How was trade established on the east coast of Africa?
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Swahili continued commerce with the Portuguese and the Ottoman turks
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What was Bunyoro?
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place where the Luo eventually established a ruling dynasty among the Bantu
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What is Sufi?
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muslim reform movement in 1770s swept through trade of the W. Sudan
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What is Fulani?
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pastoral people of W. Sudan adopted purifying Sufi variant of Islam
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Who is Dan Fodi? What kingdom did he rebel against?
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Muslim Fulani scholar preached against the Hausa jihad against the Hausa kings
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What caliph state was formed?
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Sokoto
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What area of Africa little affected by the slave trade?
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southern end
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What happened in 1652?
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Dutch East India Company estalbished a colony on the Cape of Good Hope
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Who rose as a great leader? When? What did he do?
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Shaka, 1818, reformed loose forces into regiments organized by lineage and age, iron, discipline
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Describe the mfecane.
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forced migration north and south raiding the Portuguese coasts and the Boers
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When and how was the Zulu's dominance ended?
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Zulu wars of 1870 crushed by Great Britain
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What were the zulu wars?
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new competition for land against the Europeans and Africans, expanding influence of European government used slaves
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Middle Passage.
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slave voyage from Africa to the americas 25-40% mortality
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Why were slaves brought for plantation labor?
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knowledgable about farming
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How did the southern British North American slaves differ from Latin American slaves?
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British depended less on importing slaves because of natural population growth among the slaves
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Hierarchy of slaves.
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white men mixed race salt water slaves creoles
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How did most slaves live?
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family units
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What were the African religions?
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Obeah, Candomble, Vodun, Aja
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How did slaves rebel?
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recalcitrance, running away, direct confrontation
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What events caused many to think of slavery differently?
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Industrial revolution, Enlightenment, Christian revivalism
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Who was the English opponent of slavery?
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William Wilberforce
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When was the British slave trade abolished?
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1807
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Why is there a disagreement about the end of the slave trade?
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hard to find direct link between economic self interest and the movement to suppress slavery
