AP World History Chapter 1 Review – Flashcards
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About how long has the human species existed?
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about 2 or 2.5 million years
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List the drawbacks of the human species:
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unusually aggressive against own kind, babies are dependent for long time, certain ailments such as back problems, aware of inevitability of death
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List the features of human species that allow for success:
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opposable thumbs, relatively high and regular sex drive, omnivorous, variety of facial expressions, distinctive brain and facility for elaborate speech
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When did the Paleo Age begin?
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2.5 million years ago
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When did the Paleo Age end?
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14,000 years ago
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Why was the Stone Age called what it was?
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Stones were used as tools for hunting and warfare
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How did people obtain food in the Stone Age?
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hunting and gathering
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When was fire tamed?
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750,000 years ago
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When did Homo Sapiens sapiens appear?
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about 120,000 years ago
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Food source during Late Paleo?
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hunted meat and gathered fruit and vegetables
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Size of groups during Late Paleo?
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small
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Type of work women did during Late Paleo?
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gathered fruit and vegetables
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Was there equality between sexes during Late Paleo?
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Yes, based on common economic contribution
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How were tools made during Late Paleo?
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began with crude shaping of stone and wooden implements
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Types of materials used to make tools during Late Paleo?
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stone and wood
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Religion during Late Paleo?
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rituals, cave paintings, goddesses
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Why did rituals develop?
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to lessen the fear of death
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Communication during Late Paleo?
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developed speech
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Why was speech develop so important?
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It provided rich language and symbols for transmission of culture and its growing sophistication.
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What was the greatest achievement of Paleolithic people?
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the sheer spread of human species over much of earth's surface
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Where did the human species originate?
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eastern Africa
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Why did they the human species begin to migrate?
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they were forced by the need to find scarce food
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What 2 things allowed Paleo people to live in colder climates?
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fire and the use of animal skins as clothing
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When did the 1st people out of Africa migrate?
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750,000 years ago
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1st people out of Australia?
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60,000 years ago
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1st humans in Britain?
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250,000 years ago
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1st people from Siberia to Alaska?
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30,000 years ago
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When did Mesolithic Age occur?
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about 12,000 to 10,000 BCE
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What changed/improved with the end of the Ice Age?
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human development began to accelerate
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Why did more wars occur at the end of the Ice Age?
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population growth rapidly increased
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The final stone age is called?
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Neolithic Age
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What was invented during the Neolithic Age?
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agriculture and cities
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What is the Neolithic Revolution?
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the succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture, 8500-3500 BCE
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The Neo Revolution begun as early as?
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9000 BCE
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The Neo Revolution gained ground rapidly after?
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the development of agriculture
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How did the invention of agriculture change where people live?
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settled in one spot and focused on particular goals and activities
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How did the invention of agriculture change jobs?
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more regular work was required
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How did the invention of agriculture change population?
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increased from about 6 to 8 million to about 100 million some 3000 years later
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How did the invention of agriculture change animals?
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some animals were domesticated
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Did the Neo Revolution occur during the prehistoric times?
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technically yes
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Tools used during the Neo Revolution?
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basket-making and pottery was developed
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Inventions during Neo Revolution?
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potter's wheel
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Did the Neo Revo. occur at the same time globally?
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no, it gradually spread
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Where did farming begin?
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in the Middle East
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Why did some people resist the farming lifestyle?
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They found it too complicated, too difficult, or too unexciting
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When did farming begin in the Americas?
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about 5000 BCE
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How did the invention of agriculture lead to the Bronze Age?
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metal tools were discovered
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When did the Bronze Age begin?
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4000 BCE
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Why is it called the Bronze Age?
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copper and bronze were the first metals used and were used as tools
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How did farming change by the Bronze Age and why?
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Metal hoes and other tools made farming work more efficient
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Why did agricultre encourage more stable human communities?
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More food is available so people can focus on other developments
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Why did most hunting peoples not settle in a single spot?
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game would run out
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List 3 advantages to staying put:
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houses could be built to last, wells could be built to bring up water, other "expensive" improvements could be afforded b/c they would serve many generations
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Why did the need to control a river's flow encourage villages?
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Irrigation and defense is the characteristic pattern of residence in almost all agricultural societies.
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What year was Catal Huyuk founded?
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about 7000 BCE
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What year did Catal Huyuk become a civilization?
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3000 BCE
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Why do historians believe people in Catal Huyuk spent a lot of time on their roof tops?
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to experience daylight and make social contacts
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How is a civilization different than an agricultural society?
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writing system, cities, institutions, technologies, skilled workers
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How did people of civilizations feel about non-civilized folks?
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they look down at them
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What did the Greeks call non-Greek people?
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barbarians
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Who had it better people living in civilizations or non-civilized groups? Why?
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Non-civilized because they weren't ruled by a higher class and had more equality between sexes.
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How did non-civilized groups contribute to world history?
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they domesticated animals, depended on technological improvements,traded worldwide, developed contacts in settled areas
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Non-civilized or civilizd groups had more impact on the environment?
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Civilized groups by causing deforestation that destroyed the fuel supply. Extensive farming opened land to erosion and flooding b/c of overuse of soil and tree removal
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Around 3500 BCE civilizations developed in what 4 centers:
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Middle East, Egypt, northwest India, northern China
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What did all the 4 centers of civilization establish on?
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on the achievements of the river valley pioneers
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List River Valley Civilizations achievements that have been fundamental to the world?
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major monuments, invention of the wheel, taming of the horse, creation of usable alphabets and writing implements, key math concepts such as square roots, well-organized monarchies and bureaucracies, invention of functional calendars, invention of other divisions of time
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By what date had most of the river valley civilizations declined?
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1000 BCE
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Why did India suffer a break between the old river civilization and classical civilization?
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it received new waves of invasion
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Why did China not suffer a break between the old river civilization and classical civilization?
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The new Zhou dynasty took over right after the Shang dynasty stepped down
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What did the Greeks acquire from Egypt or Mesopotamia?
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Egyptian mathematics, idea about slavery, techniques of measuring time, techniques of charting the stars, Mesopotamian art, Egyptian architecture, Egyptian temple building, regional cultures
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How did Mesopotamia and the Chinese differ on their view of nature?
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Mesopotamians stressed a gap between humankind and nature, whereas the Chinese developed ideas of basic harmony
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As the great empires from Sumer to Egypt were declining and disrupted, what developed?
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Civilization in the Middle East had spread widely enough to encourage small cultures capable of surviving and flourishing after great empires weakened.
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Which small group simplified the alphabet with 22 letters around 1300 BCE?
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the Phoenicians
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The Phoenician alphabet became the predecessor of what 2 alphabets?
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the Greek and Latin alphabets
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Which small group first introduced coined money?
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the Lydians
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Why were the Jews the most influential of the small groups?
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They introduced the first clearly developed monotheistic religion.
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How was the Jewish religion different?
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Most early religions were polytheistic
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When did the Jews settle around the Mediterranean?
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around 1200 BCE
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When did they begin to suffer from foreign rulers?
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772 BCE
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Who seized the Jews' state outright and when?
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in 63 BCE by the Romans
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Why was there no premium on converting non-Jews?
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Judaism stressed God's special compact with the chosen Jewish people
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What happened to the India civilization?
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it suffered from invasions and natural calamities
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What happened to the Huanghe civilization?
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it transitioned into more extensive Chinese civilization that would follow
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What happened to the Middle East civilization?
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Egypt suffered from invasions and political decline. Other parts of the Middle East undercame the development of smaller cultures such as the Jews
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What was trade like 1000 BCE?
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Trade routes with great distances were developed as different cities and civilizations traded with each other.
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How did the rise of civilizations affect local autonomy?
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it reduced as kings and priests tried to spread trade contacts and cultural forms and fought in wars to gain new territory
