AP World History Ch 4-6 – Flashcards
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Indra
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Early Indian god associated with the Aryans; the king of the gods and is associated with welfare and thunderbolts
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Aryans
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nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; vedas from this time suggest beginning of caste system
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The Vedas
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most revered texts in hinduism. status of shruti. divinely revealed. 4 vedic texts: Rig, Sama, Yajur, Atharva Vedas
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Caste
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a social class separated from others by distinctions of hereditary rank or profession or wealth
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Varna
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caste classes: priests, warrior class, farmer and merchant class, laborers and untouchables; birth determines occupation
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Brahmins
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Priests, at the top of the caste system which the Aryans made
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Shudras
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laborers, craftworkers and servants in the Indian caste system
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Jati
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A Hindu caste or distinctive social group of which there are thousands throughout India
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Sati
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a ritual that required a woman to throw herself on her late husband's funeral pyre or burn herself. This was done gladly and if a woman didn't comply with this she would be disgraced.
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Upanishads
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commentaries on the Vedas that are considered sacred texts in the Hindu religion
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Asceticism
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the doctrine that through renunciation of worldly pleasures it is possible to achieve a high spiritual or intellectual state
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Brahman
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Universal spirit behind everything
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Karma
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In Hindu belief, all the actions that affect a person's fate in the next life
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Moksha
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The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths.
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Huang He
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A river in early China which the early societies in east asia formed around
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Yangshao
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Early Neolithic Society based on farming near the Yellow River
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Xia
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Legendary first dynasty of China
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Zhou
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The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Remembered as prosperous era in Chinese History
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Shang
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The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records. Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of their culture
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Veneration of Ancestors
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Family ancestors could bring good or evil fortune to the living members of the family; the eldest male leaded the worship
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Tian
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Chinese word for heaven
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Oracle Bones
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An animal bone or turtle shell used by the Shang kings of China to communicate with and influence the gods by telling the future
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Olmecs
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(1400 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.) earliest known Mexican civilization,lived in rainforests along the Gulf of Mexico, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples, carried on trade with other groups.
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Maya
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Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's yucatan peninsula and in guatemala and honduras but never unified into a single empire. major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.
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Tikal
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the most important Maya political center between the 4th-9th centuries. It was a city that had temples, pyramids, palaces, and public buildings.
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Teotihuacan
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City of the Aztec empire; had up to 200,000 inhabitants; paintings and murals showed the importance of priests in this area
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Madagascar
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an island off the coast of Africa that the Austronesian peoples migrated to
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Lapita Peoples
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Austronesian migrants who settled in Pacific islands. They developed and maintained communication and trade systems with other islands and civilizations.
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Chichen Itza
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an ancient Mayan city located on the Yucatan Peninsula; was conquered by the Toltecs c.1000 BCE and was ruled by the Toltec dynasty; also featured the serpent pryamid
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Bloodletting
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A ritual performed in Maya and Aztec civilizations where people would cut themselves in a process that allowed them to sacrifice their blood to a specific god.
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Popol Vuh
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Mayan creation epic, taught that god created humans out of maize and water.
