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~Enlightenment ~humanism ~materialism- not a sin to have lots of money etc. ~art- had perspective; not all Church based ~look back at roots (Greeks, Romans)

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Main Ideas/Significance of Renaissance

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Ideas: (what it was going against) ~Church had all power and was corrupt- kings were under it too Significance/Results: ~split Catholic Europe (Catholic and Protestant) ~new ideas ~tension=wars (like the French War) Response by Catholic Church: ~they thought the Protestants were wrong ~sent Jesuits

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Main Ideas/Significance of the Reformation (Protestant)

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~wanted a divorce- Pope wouldn't allow it ~created the Act of Supremacy in 1534 which made him the "supreme head" of the Church of England ~made Bible required in all churches ~Church of England remained fully Catholic expect for Rome

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What England was like in its religion during the time of King Henry VIII?

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~Protestantism emerged victorious during her reign ~Anglicanism took shape (a middle ground between Protestantism and Catholicism) ~appointed Protestant bishops but decided on keeping traditional clerics

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What England was like in its religion during the time of Queen Elizabeth?

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~emphasized the importance of reason ~people started to doubt their beliefs (skepticism) due to natural laws ~starting point of new discoveries about physics ~philosophers like Galileo and Newton ~birth to rational thought

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Main Ideas/Significance of the Scientific Revolution

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~ philosophers were optimistic that people were becoming more perfect due to reason ~thought natural laws were a basis for science and humans- included natural rights ~many revolutions were based on the Enlightenment

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Main Ideas/Significance of the Enlightenment

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Absolutism: ~king controls everything ~monarchy has divine rights Constitutionalism: ~constitution (higher than president) ~congress/parliament (voting) ~certain rights

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Characteristics of absolute monarchies vs. constitutional governments in early-modern Europe

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~Trans-Atlantic slave trade ~ mercantilism ~cash crops ~trade triangle between Africa, Europe, and the Americas

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What was the world like in terms of European colonies in the 1500-1750's?

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What they made them fit for Industrialization: ~natural resources (water ways and coal) ~huge work force ~money (Britain was a major trade center) Results: ~boom in children ~machines making work easier

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Characteristics of the Industrial Revolution in Britain

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~working class (proletariat) should overthrow the government ~classless society ~capitalism is bad

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Karl Marx's Ideas

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~increases schooling opportunities ~more jobs (in factories) ~idea of separation of spheres- women would keep the house clean and happy, men would come home from work and relax

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Industrial Revolution's effects on women's rights

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~Enlightenment ~Glorious Revolution ~Britain raising taxes due to 7 Years War ~more mercantilism due to 7 Years War

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Events/Ideas that influenced the American Revolution

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Causes: ~Enlightenment ~successful American Rev. ~Three Estates ~Parliament hadn't been called in years Goals: ~more democratic government Outcomes: ~they failed terribly after the rev. ~napoleon took over ~good thing: middle class emerged ~ conservationists pretended like it never happened, restored monarchy, and restricted freedoms (of speech, etc.)

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Causes, Goals, Outcomes of the French Revolution

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~dating ~later ages for marriage ~birth control and abortions were available ~"Age of Steel" ~medicinal breakthroughs (anesthesia) ~women's rights

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Social Changes in late 1800's Europe

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~south toward the Black Sea- encountered Ottoman Empire (Turks) ~usually went for warm water ports

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Methods/Directions of Russian Expansion before the 1800's

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~both wanted a port on warm water ~both wanted to be more "Westernized" in the sense of industrialization but not politically

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Ideas/Actions of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great in Russia

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~took the side of conservatives in the conservative vs liberalism debate ~liberal=voting-- which was BAD ~liberal=revolutionary=NAPOLEON FROM FRANCE-- REALLY BAD ~tsars wanted to keep all of the power ~expansion ~wanted to modernize without political ideas

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Main Goals/Actions of Russian tsars in the 1800's

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~serfs- tied to land- freed in 1860's ~poor ~new laws in 1700's gave nobles more power over the peasants ~redemption- had to work to earn their land

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Characteristics of peasants/laws about them in Russia 1700-1800

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~foreign investment ~Trans-Siberian railroad ~government sponsorship

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Russia's industrialization in the late 1800's

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~Peninsulares- Europe born ~Creoles-born in Americas but still pure European ~Mulattoes and Mestizos- mixed ~Native Americans and Slaves

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Social Classes in Latin America

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~mercantilism ~cash crops ~social classes

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Colonial Latin American Colonies

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~Spanish out ~democracy, representative government ~common people wanted social classes gone ~had everything except for the third goal :(

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Goals/Outcomes of Latin American Revolutions

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Politics and Economics: ~Neocolonialism ~foreign investment ~cash crops ~didn't industrialize

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Newly-Independent Latin American Nations

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~did have slaves ~most were captured in battle ~temporary slavery was common for crimes ~slaves could work to but their freedom ~children of slaves weren't automatically slaves

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Slavery in Africa before Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

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~Africans were thought to be inferior to Europeans ~mostly used in colonies for labor in plantations etc. ~millions of slaves were brought to the American colonies

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Main Ideas of Trans Atlantic Slave trade

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~slavery was booming ~kings were rich by selling their people ~lots of political instability ~no real empires/states

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African politics and economics between 1600-1800

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~Dutch settlers came ~ emancipation of slaves in 1833 ~Anglo-Boer War (South-African War) in 1899-1902

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South Africa before 1900

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~raw materials ~more civilization (no more slavery) ~nationalism (proves your a great country) ~better transportation and communication

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Reasons for European colonization in Africa in the late 1800's

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~imperialism ~make profit for mother country ~tried to stop ethnic conflict

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European rule of African Countries

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~civil service exam ~advanced commercial development ~internal trade ~Confucianism

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Political, Economic, and Social Characteristics of the Ming and Qing dynasties in 1600's/1700's China

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~Taiping Rebellion in 1851. ~Third Pandemic of Bubonic plague in 1855 ~Second Opium War in 1856. ~Tianjin Massacre ~ Sino-French War in 1884. ~First Sino-Japanese War in 1894

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Events in China in the 1800's

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~wanted a new government

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Main Goals of Chinese Revolutionaries

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~prevent Western influence

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Purpose of Japan's isolation

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~democracy ~no more social classes ~intensive westernization ~extreme military growth

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Policies and Actions of Japan's Government in the Meiji Period

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~redefined borders to include islands ~took Korea and Taiwan

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Japan's Early Imperialism

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~main goal was expansion ~advanced military

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Early Characteristics of the Ottoman Empire

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~established the East India company ~too control of all trading posts ~used Indian soldiers ~made treaties w Indian kings

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Britain Gaining and Keeping Power in India

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~imperialism ~militarism ~nationalism ~ assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ~alliances

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Build Up of WW1 in Europe

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~trench warfare ~assassination of Franz ~alliances more on #38

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Main Ideas of WW1

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~money and land from Germany

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Effects of Versailles Treaty

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~UK mandates Mesopotamia (Iraq) ~give Jews land

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Middle East after WW1

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~Russian Parliament ~Lenin tried Communism- gave land to peasants, wiped out foreign debt, got out of WW1

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Outcomes of Russian Revolution

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~accept Soviet aid in 1920 ~Mao Zedong- autumn harvest uprising

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Progress of the Chinese Communists, 1920's-1940's

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~tried to raise tariffs- reduce global trade ~cut spending

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Response of Industrial Nations to the Great Depression

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~industrial and military power ~lots of deaths ~five year plans ~secret police

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Characteristics of the Soviet Union under Stalin

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~expansion ~appeasement

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Main Ideas of the Dictators' aggression in the years leading up to WW2

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~wanted no war ~league of nations ~b and f wanted Germany to be punished

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Main Ideas/Actions of the "Big Three" conference

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~war reparations ~big three took control of these countries and tried to make them stable again

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Japan and Germany after WW2

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~Truman Doctrine of Containment ~Marshall Plan-aid to Europe

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Main Actions of the US during the Cold War

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~many countries were economically weak ~Britain didn't to risk relations w US ~no more colonial uprisings

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Main reason for de-colonization in Africa and Asia during WW2

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~weak ~opposed by LoN ~people weren't happy

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Eastern European Communist Control 1950-1980

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~decolonizing ~ devastated

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Postwar Characteristics of Europe

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~poor, weak ~US had to hold it up ~falling apart ~now its strong

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Main Ideas of Japan's economy after WW2

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~wanted to overthrow all power ~everyone work together

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Characteristics of China under Mao Zedong

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~Israel took more land after Palestine and friends attacked

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Main Ideas of Israel/Palestine dispute

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~war ~trench warfare

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Iraq and Iran- Conflicts and Main Ideas from 1970-1980

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~increased nationalism ~looked at India ~no struggle

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Main Ideas of the Africa independence movements

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~were a lot like their mother countries ~still trade w mother countries ~nationalism ~kept their cash crops

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Newly-independent African Nations

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~wan't affected much ~kept cash crops

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Main Ideas of Postwar Latin America

AP World History 2nd Semester Final Exam Study Guide – Flashcards

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