AP World History 16 Definitions – Flashcards
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3 field system
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system of agricultural cultivation by 9th century in western Europe; included 1/3 in spring grains, and 1/3 fallow
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Charlemagne
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Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established a substantial empire in France and Germany c.800
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Holy Roman Emperors
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Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor c.10th century; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany
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William the Conqueror
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invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy (Duke of Normandy)
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Magna Carta
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great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy
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King John
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(England)- youngest son of Henry II; King of England from 1199 to 1216; succeeded to the throne on the death of his brother Richard I. Forced to sign the Magna Carta
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parliament
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body representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany and France
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crusades
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series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem & establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars & extermination of heresy
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Pope Urban II
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called first crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assualt to free the Holy Land from the Muslims
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investiture
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practice of state appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory VII attempted to ban the practice of lay investiture, leading to war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV
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Thomas Aquinas
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creator of one of the great synthesis of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of several Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, & nature of God
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Gothic Architecture
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an architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls
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guild
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sworn associations of people in the same business or trade in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities
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Hundred years' war
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conflict between England & France from 1337 to 1453; fought over lands Englad possessed in France & feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states
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Joan of Arc
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French heroine & military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English; successful, but killed (burned) by English for heresy
