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William H. Seward

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Secretary of State from New York, achieved more than any Secretary of State, helped Lincoln prevent Great Britain and France from entering war on side of South, unsuccessful in efforts to annex Hawaii or purchase Danish West Indies, achieved annexation of Midway Island and gained rights to build canal in Nicaragua

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French in Mexico

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1865 Seward invoked the Monroe Doctrine when Napoleon III sent French troops to occupy Mexico, threatened US military action unless France withdrew, they did

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Purchase of Alaska

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Russia and Great Britain had dispute over this land, Russia assumed control and established seal hunting colony, son became economic burden because of British threat, Seward agreed to purchase it for $7.2 million, "Seward's Folly"

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New Imperialism

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US needed worldwide markets for its growing industrial and agricultural surpluses and sources of raw materials for manufacturing, many conservatives hoped overseas territories and adventures would offer an outlet and safety valve for unhappiness at home, concerned about growing violence in labor, hoped to achieve means not using military

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International Darwinism

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survival of the fittest was applied to competition among nations, only the strongest could survive, the US had to be strong religiously, militarily, and politically, had to demonstrate strength by acquiring lands

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Imperialism

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acquiring territory or gaining control over the political or economic life of other countries, US along with Britain, France, Germany, and Russia, involved in gaining possessions in Africa and the Pacific, believed America had to compete or it would grow weak

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Our Country: Its Possible Future and Present Crisis

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written by Reverend Josiah Strong in 1885, people of Anglo-Saxon stock were "the fittest to survive", Protestants had a Christian duty to colonize other lands for spreading Western civilization, bring benefits of "superior" civilization to less fortunate people, missionaries who traveled believed in racial superiority and supremacy of whites, led many Americans to support imperialism

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Josiah Strong

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wrote "Our Country"

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Politicians

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many in Republican party were allied with business leaders, therefore endorsed use of foreign affairs to search for new markets, Henry Cabot Lodge and Theodore Roosevelt

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The Influence of Sea Power Upon History

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1890 written by Alfred Thayer Mahan, argued a strong navy was crucial to a country's ambitions of securing foreign markets and becoming a world power, widely read, US naval strategists persuaded Congress to finance construction of a modern navy, 3rd largest by 1900

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Alfred Thayer Mahan

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wrote "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History"

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Popular Press

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magazines and newspaper editors found they could increase circulation by printing adventure stories about distant and exotic places, increased public interest, etc.

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Pan-American Conference

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conference led in Washington by James Blaine, sought to establish closer ties between US and southern neighbors, decided to create a permanent organization for international cooperation on trade and other issues, had hoped to bring about lower tariffs but couldn't, however established larger goal of hemispheric cooperation

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Pan-American Union

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established at a conference led by James Blaine, continues today as part of the Organization of American States

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Venezuela Border Dispute

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1895 and 1896 Cleveland and Richard Olney insisted that Great Britain couldn't arbitrate in the dispute between Venezuela and Guiana, argued the Monroe Doctrine applied, the US would not stand back, British gave in to US demands, Latin American nations appreciated US efforts to prevent European nominations from dominating them, turning point to a friendly US-Britain relationship

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Richard Olney

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US Secretary of State who was integral in the Venezuela border crisis

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Causes of Spanish-American War

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jingoism, Cuban Revolt, yellow press, De Lome letter, Sinking of the Maine

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Jingoism

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an intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy, US could take its place with nations in Europe as a world power, Cleveland and McKinley thought military action was wrong

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Cuban Revolt

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1895 Cuban nationalists began destroyed Cuban plantations to force Spain's withdrawal or involve the US in relations

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General Valeriano Weyler

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"butcher", sent in by Spanish with 100,000 troops to suppress the rebellion

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Yellow Press

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sensationalistic city newspapers with bold and lurid headlines of crime, disaster, and scandal, Pulitzer's New York World and Hearst's New York Journal, printed exaggerated and false accounts of Spanish atrocities in Cuba, many Americans urged Congress to stop the atrocities

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De Lome Letter

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1898 Spanish diplomat's letter published in Hearst's Journal, letter was highly critical of President McKinley, official Spanish insult against US Honor

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Sinking of the Maine

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February 15 1898 US battleship Maine suddenly exploded in Havana harbor, killing 260 Americans, yellow press accused Spain of deliberately blowing up the ship

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McKinley's War Message

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Spain agreed to McKinley's cease fire, pressure from Congress and America caused McKinley to give in to public pressure, "put an end to barbarities and bloodshed" in Cuba, protect lives and property of US citizens in Cuba, end the "serious injury to commerce and trade of our people", end "the constant menace to our peace"

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Teller Amendment

answer

April 20 joint resolution passed for war, declared the US had no intention of taking political control of Cuba and that, once peace was restored to the island, the Cuban people would control their own government

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The Philippines

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Theodore Roosevelt, assistant secretary of navy, anticipated war and sent fleet led by George Dewey to Philippines, Dewey's fleet opened fire on Spanish ships in Manila Bay, soon pounded into submission, took Manila on August 13th

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Invasion of Cuba

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ill-prepared volunteer squad landed in Cuba, 5000 American soldiers died of malaria, typhoid, dysentary, attacks by forces succeeded in defeating the poorly led Spanish army

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Commodore George Dewey

answer

Followed Roosevelt's order to attack Spanish forces in the Philippines when war was declared; completely destroyed the Spanish fleet stationed at Manila Bay on May 1, 1898; was immediately promoted to admiral, becoming the first her of the war; his victory shed light on the adjusted purpose of war with Spain from just freeing Cuba to stripping Spain of all of its colonies

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San Juan Hill

answer

most celebrated event of the war, cavalry charge by the Rough Riders, volunteers were aided in victory by African-American veteran regiments

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Rough Riders

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a regiment of volunteers led by Theodore Roosevelt who resigned from his navy position to take part in the war

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Santiago Bay

answer

the site of the US destruction of the Spanish fleet, Spain asked for US terms of peace after realizing it couldn't fight without a navy

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Annexation of Hawaii

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American missionaries had settled here, 1893 Queen Liliuokalani was overthrown by US support, Cleveland opposed efforts, war with Spain gave McKinley excuse to complete the annexation, became a territory of US in 1900

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Treaty of Paris

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peace terms of Spanish-American war, December 10 1898 provided for recognition of Cuban independence, US acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam, US acquisition of Philippines in exchange for $20 million, Americans accepted provision of treaty, was not ready to take over the Philippines, ratified on February 6, 1899

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Anti-Imperialist Views on Philippines

answer

opinion was divided between imperialists who wanted to annex and anti-imperialists who opposed it, anti-imperialists would defeat treaty because of its provisions over the Philippines, US would be taking over a heavily populated area of people of a different race and culture, violated "life, liberty, pursuit of happiness", would entangle US in Asian conflicts

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Emilio Aguinaldo

answer

Filipino nationalist leader, had fought alongside US troops, now he led bands of guerrilla fighters in a war against US control

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Anti-Imperialist League

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led by William Jennings Bryan, rallied opposition to further acts of expansion in the Pacific

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Insular Cases

answer

series of Supreme Court cases, ruled that constitutional rights were NOT automatically extended to territorial possessions and that the power to decide whether or not to grant such rights belonged to Congress

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Platt Amendment

answer

US troops remained in Cuba until 1901 despite Teller amendment, US would withdraw troops only if Cuba agreed to never sign a treaty with a foreign power that impaired its independence, never built up excessive debt, to permit US to intervene in Cuba's affairs to preserve its independence and maintain law and order, allow US to maintain naval bases, Guantanamo Bay, made Cuba a US proctorate

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Election of 1900

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Republicans nominated McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt for Vice President, Democrats again nominated Bryan, who attacked imperialism and fought for the gold standard, GROWING NATIONAL PROSPERITY led McKinley to victory

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Recognition of US Power

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victory filled Americans with national pride, helped bridge the gap between North and South, European nations recognize the United States as a first-class power

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John Hay

answer

policies toward China were important, alarmed that China was falling under power of Russia, Japan, Britain, France, etc., spheres of influence, attempted to ensure US share of the wealth in China

question

Spheres of Influence

answer

each nation could dominate trade and investment within a particular port or region of China and shut out competitors

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Open Door Note

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Hay dispatched this note to nations holding spheres in China, nations would have equal trading privileges in China, no nation rejected the note, so Hay declared the note policy, diplomatic triumph

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Xenophobia

answer

hatred and fear of foreigner

question

Boxer Rebellion

answer

nationalism and xenophobia on the rise in China, Boxers attacked foreign settlements and murdered dozens of Christian missionaries, US troops sent in a force to crush the rebellion, China was forced to pay huge indemnities

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Hay's Second Notes

answer

Hay feared expeditionary force may to try destroy China's independence, wrote second note stating US commitment to preserve China's territorial integrity as well as safeguard equal trade with all parts of China, set US-China policy for many presidents

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Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy

answer

"speak softly", Roosevelt's aggressive foreign policy, attempted to build the reputation of the US as a world power, imperialists applauded his every move, critics disliked breaking from tradition of non-involvement

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Revolution in Panama

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Roosevelt was eager to begin construction of a canal, Colombia controlled the isthmus of Panama, refused to agree to US terms for digging, Roosevelt supported revolt in Panama in 1903, rebellion succeeded, land for canal was granted to US

question

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903

answer

first act of new independent Panamanian government, granted the US long-term control of the canal zone in Panama

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Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901

answer

treaty signed with Britain in 1901, British had agreed to cancel an earlier treaty of 1850 that stated any Central American canal would be under joint US-British control, US could begin canal with British involvement

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Building the Canal

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hundreds of laborers lost their lives, started in 1904, finished in 1914, work was completed thanks to George Goethals and Dr. William Gorgas, most Americans approved Roosevelt's determination, others opposed his high-handed tactics

question

George Goethals

answer

the chief engineer of the Panama Canal

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Dr. William Gorgas

answer

efforts eliminated the mosquitoes that spread deadly yellow fever

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Latin American Financial Problems

answer

Latin American nations could not pay their debts to European creditors, British dispatched forces to Venezuela to get them to pay debts, Dominican Republic as well, Roosevelt declared US would intervene when necessary, used to send troops to Haiti, Honduras, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua

question

Roosevelt Corollary

answer

Roosevelt added it to the Monroe Doctrine, the US would intervene instead in Latin American affairs when necessary, US would send gunboats to Latin American country that was delinquent in paying their debts

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Russo-Japanese War

answer

imperialist rivalry led to war, Japan was winning, Roosevelt arranged conference, led to end of war, Japanese blamed Roosevelt for Japan not getting all they wanted

question

Portsmouth Conference

answer

conference arranged by Roosevelt, led to a treaty that ended in the Russo-Japanese War

question

Gentlemen's Agreement

answer

laws in California discriminated against Japanese Americans, San Francisco's practice of requiring Japanese American children to attend segregated schools considered national insult, Roosevelt arranged a compromise, Japanese would restrict emigration of workers in exchange for US repeal of law

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Great White Fleet

answer

Roosevelt sent a fleet of battleships on an around-the-world cruise, demonstrate US naval power, made an impressive sight, Japanese warmly welcomed their arrival

question

Root-Takahira Agreement

answer

1908 executive agreement was concluded, US and Japan would have mutual respect for each nation's Pacific possessions and support for the Open Door Policy

question

Peace Efforts

answer

great white fleet and other big stick policies maintained peace between rival nations, consistently promoted peaceful solutions, Roosevelt awarded Nobel Peace Prize,

question

Algeciras Conference

answer

conference in Spain, Roosevelt succeeded in settling a conflict between France and Germany over claims in Morocco

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Second International Peace Conference

answer

Roosevelt directed US involvement here, at the Hague in 1907, discussed rules for limiting warfare

question

Dollar Diplomacy

answer

Taft's policy of trying to promote US trade by supporting American enterprises abroad, mildly expansionist but depended more on investors' dollars than on navy's battleships, believed American financial investment in China and Central American would lead to greater stability and promote US business interests, was thwarted by growing anti-imperialism

question

Railroads in China

answer

Taft succeeded in securing American participation in agreement in 1911 to buy railroads in China with Germany and France, US was excluded from buying railroads in Manchuria because of joint agreement between Russia and Japan, direct defiance of Open Door Policy

question

Intervention in Nicaragua

answer

Taft sent marines here when a civil war broke out, help in financial affairs, remained until 1933

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Lodge Corollary

answer

non-European powers would be excluded from owning territory in the Western Hemisphere, Taft opposed it, which offended Japan and Latin American countries, started when Japan wanted to buy Baja peninsula

question

New Freedom

answer

Woodrow's Wilson's foreign affairs plan, promised a moral approach, opposed imperialism and the big-stick and dollar diplomacy policies

question

Moral Diplomacy

answer

along with Secretary of State WJ Bryan, Wilson hoped to demonstrate the US respected other nations' rights and would support the spread of democracy

question

Jones Act of 1916

answer

passage would grant the Philippines full territorial status, guaranteed a bill of right and universal male suffrage to Filipino citizens, promised Philippine independence as soon as a stable government was shown

question

Puerto Rico

answer

act of Congress in 1917 gave US citizenship to all inhabitants of Puerto Rico, gave them limited self-government

question

Panama Canal

answer

Wilson negotiated a repeal of an act in Congress that had granted US ships exemption for paying tolls charged to other nations, angered many nationalists in America

question

Conciliation Treaties

answer

Wilson's commitment to democracy was shared by Bryan, project to negotiate treaties in which nations pledged to submit disputes to international commissions and observe a one-year cooling-off period before taking military action

question

Military Intervention in Latin America

answer

Wilson's commitment to democracy and anti-colonialism, kept marines in Nicaragua and ordered US troops into Haiti and the Dominican Republican

question

Conflict with Mexico

answer

Wilson's policy was tested by civil war in Mexico, refused to recognize Huerta

question

General Huerta

answer

Mexican who had seized power in 1913 by arranging to assassinate the democratically elected president

question

Tampico Incident

answer

Wilson ordered arms embargo and troops sent to Vera Cruz, several seamen went ashore at Tampico and were arrested, Huerta refused to apologize, Wilson ordered US naval occupation at Vera Cruz, war was averted by ABC powers

question

ABC Powers

answer

Argentina, Brazil, Chile, countries who offered to mediate the dispute between US and Mexico, helped to avoid war

question

Pancho Villa

answer

a revolutionary who challenged Carranza, led raids across the US-Mexican border, murdered a number of people in Texas and New Mexico

question

Venustiano Carranza

answer

led a more democratic regime after Huerta fell from power

question

General John J. Pershing

answer

sent by Wilson to pursue Villa into Mexico, was not able to capture him Carranza opposed the American president, withdrew troops in 1917

question

Expeditionary Force

answer

Wilson ordered General Pershing to pursue Pancho Villa into Mexico. They were in nothern Mexico for months without being able to capture Villa. Growing possibility of U.S. entry into World War I caused Wilson to withdraw Pershing's troops.

AP US History Chapter 20: Foreign Policy 1865-1914 – Flashcards

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