AP Psychology- Unit 8 Study Guide – Flashcards
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Instinct Theory
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a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned. - fail to explain human motives
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Drive Reduction Theory
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the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. - homeostasis- maintaining a balanced or constant internal state. (satisfy needs)
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Incentive Theory
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a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior - what we find attractive or threatening
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Arousal Theory
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some motivated behaviors actually increase arousal - "infovores": brain mechanisms that reward us for acquiring information
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Hierarchy of Needs
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self actualization - a pyramid of our human needs/survival (Maslow's pyramid of human needs)
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Homeostasis
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maintaining a balanced or constant internal state
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Hierarchy of needs tiers
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physiological needs: food/water safety needs: shelter/heat belonging needs: love, support, friendship esteem needs: acceptance self-actualization needs: realizing potential
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Lateral hypothalamus
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Activity along the side of the hypothalamus brings on hunger (damaged= starvation occurs, staves to death)
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Ventromedial Hypothalamus
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Depresses hunger (damaged= eating constantly)
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Leptin
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Responsible for the long term regulation of hunger (fat creates leptin)-(provides hypothalamus with information about fate stores)
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Ghrelin
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secreted by empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry" signal to brain
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Why do we tend to consume carbohydrates when we are upset?
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Boosts levels of serotonin and calms us
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Units Bias
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Food portions - ex: buffet. lots of options= wanting to eat more
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Settling point theory
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indicates the level at which a person's weight settles in response to caloric intake and expenditure (influenced by environment as well as biology)
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Anorexia Nervosa
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Severe weight loss, starvation, fear of obesity. (experienced by people with low self-evaluation and perfectionist standards)
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Bulimia Nervosa
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Binge Eating, vomiting, excessive exercise & laxative use
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Homosexual Orientation
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One's own sex (guy+guy)
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Heterosexual Orientation
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The other's sex (guy+girl)
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Erotic Plasticity
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One's sex drive can be changed by cultural or social factors
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Ostracism
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exclusion from a society or group (ignoring someone, silent treatment &etc).
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James-Lange Theory (emotion)
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Experience of physiological arousal --> Awareness of emotion (arousal comes before emotion)
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Cannon-Bard Theory (emotion)
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Experience of physiological arousal Awareness of emotion (occurs at the same time)
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Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory (emotion)
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Experience physiological arousal --> make a cognitive interpretation of arousal --> experience an emotion. ( searches environment for an explanation)
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Fight-or-Flight
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Adrenal hormones radiate through the body (release epinephrine/adrenaline and norepinephrine/calms us down)
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What do lie detector tests actually detect?
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records autonomic fluctuations when questioned. * DOES NOT DETECT LIES. ---- monitors heart rate, blood pressure, respiration
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Spillover effect
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Our arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event
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6 Universal Facial Expressions
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1)Happiness - raised cheeks 2)Sadness 3)Anger 4)Fear- eyebrows raised and pulled together 5)Surprise 6)Disgust
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Display Rules
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Norms that regulate appropriate expressions of emotions (how and when emotions are expressed)
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Catharsis hypothesis
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maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (doesn't work to calm us down- you're gonna get angrier)
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Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon
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people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
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Relative Deprivation
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comparing their positions to others and realize that they have less of what they believe themselves to be entitled than those around them
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Stress
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process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
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predictable way the body responses to stress - Alarm Reaction: heart rate zooms, shock, "fight or flight" - Resistance: temperature, blood pressure, respiration remains high, helps you fight - Exhaustion: more vulnerable to illness or collapse, even death
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Type A vs. Type B personalities
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Type A: competitive, hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, anger issues, more likely to have a heart attack Type B: easygoing, relaxed, chilled
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Explicit Memory
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When you are trying to intentionally remember something ex: dates, history & etc
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Mood-Congruent Memory
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Memories connecting with emotions [or] Emotions connecting with memories
