question

Comparative psychologists are primarily interested in a. stimulus-response connections. b. animal behavior. c. the comparison of functional and behavioral psychology. d. the comparison of different types of psychotherapy.

answer

B

question

Of the following, who is associated with the Gestalt school of psychology? a. Ivan Pavlov b. B. F. Skinner c. Max Wertheimer d. John Watson

answer

C

question

Which of the following represents an empirical statement? a. Government experts agree that a future downturn in the economy is likely. b. The temperature today is higher than it was a year ago today. c. IQ is defined as mental age, divided by age in years, times 100. d. Grandmothers know best.

answer

C

question

A psychologist performs the following experiment: she gives subjects photographs of female faces and asks them to rate the attractiveness of each face. However, some of the subjects have just had to take a very difficult math test, while others have taken a very easy math test. The psychologist would probably be a __________ psychologist. a. industrial b. comparative c. developmental d. social

answer

D

question

According to John Watson, introspection was a. a valid method of research. b. unscientific. c. the cornerstone of behaviorism. d. the study of the mind in use.

answer

B

question

Which of the following is the best example of covert behavior? a. blinking in response to a light b. imitating a friend's gesture c. remembering a pleasant experience d. rapid eye movements while sleeping

answer

C

question

Covert behavior is a. anything a person does. b. only those things a person does which you can see. c. only those things which can be recorded by a camera. d. only those things which are not observable by others.

answer

D

question

Which of the following behaviors can best be described as overt behavior? a. watching a TV game show b. thinking about the answer to a contestant's question c. being sad that the contestant answered incorrectly d. wondering if there are any frozen waffles left in the freezer

answer

A

question

Overt behavior is a. anything a person does. b. only those things a person does which you can see. c. only those things which can be recorded by a camera. d. only those things which a person can see with his/her senses.

answer

B

question

Which of the following statements concerning psychodynamic psychology is true? a. Freud's theories were very involved and extensive, but they ended up contributing very little to our understanding of human behavior. b. Freud's theories remain influential today and are largely unchanged from their first conceptualizations. c. Almost immediately, many of Freud's students broke away from his theories in order to modify and change them. d. Psychodynamic psychology focuses on observable behaviors.

answer

C

question

Brain mechanisms involved in hunger and thirst would most likely be studied by a a. personality theorist. b. sensory psychologist. c. learning theorist. d. biopsychologist.

answer

D

question

"The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" is represented by which of the following? a. the Gestalt psychologists. b. the behaviorists. c. the structuralists. d. the functionalists.

answer

A

question

The goals of psychology are to a. develop effective methods of psychotherapy. b. describe, predict, understand, and control behavior. c. explain the functioning of the human mind. d. compare, analyze, and control human behavior.

answer

B

question

The largest area of specialization among psychologists is a. industrial and organizational. b. experimental, physiological, and comparative. c. social and personality. d. clinical and counseling.

answer

D

question

Barbara is applying conditioning principles to teach language skills to retarded children. As a psychologist, her point of view appears to be a. Freudian. b. Gestalt. c. functionalist. d. behaviorist.

answer

D

question

Strict behaviorists were criticized for overlooking the role that __________ plays in our lives. a. reward b. thinking c. punishment d. stimuli

answer

B

question

A psychologist who is "eclectic" can best be described as a. rejecting determinism in favor of free will. b. cognitive rather than behavioral. c. drawing from many psychological approaches. d. preferring pseudo-psychological approaches.

answer

C

question

Which area in psychology would be most likely to study the phenomenon of "peer influence"? a. social b. comparative c. physiological d. school

answer

A

question

Psychologists are all a. scientists. b. practitioners. c. both scientists and practitioners. d. either scientists or practitioners.

answer

D

question

Psychology is a. the study of human origins, evolution, and cultures. b. the scientific study of behavior and mental processes of any living creature. c. a natural science integrating physiology and neurology. d. the deductive study of forms and functions of human groups.

answer

B

question

Of the following, who was a structuralist? a. B. F. Skinner b. John Watson c. Wilhelm Wundt d. William James

answer

C

question

Some modern psychodynamic theorists, or neo-Freudians, focused on a. the whole. b. social motives and relationships that influence our behavior. c. human experience, problems, potentials, and ideals. d. observable behaviors.

answer

B

question

Some topics in psychology are difficult to study because a. they overlap with other fields, such as law and business. b. of ethical considerations. c. advanced technology that measures brain waves is not available. d. of a lack of interest in human behavior.

answer

B

question

Psychiatrists differ from psychologists in that psychiatrists a. are physicians with a specialization in abnormal behavior and psychotherapy. b. are extensively trained in the theories and techniques of Sigmund Freud. c. are generally more eclectic than psychologists. d. have a Masters or Ph.D. degree with special training in psychological theory and research methods.

answer

A

question

The "father" of psychology and founder of the first psychological laboratory was a. Wilhelm Wundt. b. Sigmund Freud. c. John B. Watson. d. B. F. Skinner.

answer

A

question

You see a psychologist and tell her that you are feeling depressed. The psychologist talks to you about your past and attempts to link your present situation with patterns developed in your childhood during your relationship with your parents. The psychologist would probably belong to which school of psychology? a. humanistic psychology b. psychodynamic psychology c. behaviorism d. Gestalt psychology

answer

B

question

The structuralist school of psychology a. used introspection to analyze conscious experience. b. relied heavily on the concept of natural selection. c. was concerned with experiences as "wholes." d. used dream analysis to reveal the unconscious.

answer

A

question

"Experience cannot be analyzed successfully into its elements" would likely be said by a a. Gestalt psychologist. b. behaviorist. c. structuralist. d. functionalist.

answer

A

question

The key idea in the behaviorist view is that a. behavior is shaped and controlled by one's environment. b. behavior is the result of clashing forces with the personality. c. behavior can be understood in terms of the mental processing of information. d. environment plays a very small role in controlling one's behavior.

answer

A

question

Evolutionary psychologists would study a. the biological makeup of the human mind across cultures. b. historical behavior of a single species. c. developmentally how chimpanzees and humans are similar. d. male and female trends in mating choices.

answer

B

question

A practitioner who is intensively trained in the theories of Freud and treats patients by talking to them is probably a a. psychiatrist. b. clinical psychologist. c. psychoanalyst. d. counseling psychologist.

answer

C

question

You see a psychologist and tell her that you are feeling depressed. The psychologist focuses on those activities you engage in currently around which you feel depressed, and she talks with you about changing these activities and thoughts that make you feel "down" and doing things which make you happy. This psychologist would probably belong to the __________ school of psychology. a. humanistic b. psychodynamic c. behaviorist d. Gestalt

answer

C

question

The APA professional code stresses a. high levels of competence, integrity, and responsibility. b. use of the scientific method in testing hypotheses. c. deception as a technique to engage the psyche. d. cooperation with authorities when a client is suspected of a crime.

answer

A

question

A psychologist whose viewpoint is psychodynamic a. focuses on self-image and self-actualization to explain behavior. b. believes behavior is directed by forces within one's personality which are often unconscious. c. emphasizes the study of observable behavior. d. is usually eclectic in his practice.

answer

B

question

You see a psychologist and tell her that you are feeling depressed. She talks to you about the goals you have for yourself, about your image of yourself, and about the choices that you make in your life and that you could make in your life. This psychologist would probably belong to the __________ school of psychology. a. humanistic b. psychodynamic c. behavioristic d. Gestalt

answer

A

question

A psychologist who studies gender issues focuses on a. learning the differences between the sexes and how they develop. b. cultural and family relationships. c. peer group formation. d. cognitive processes.

answer

A

question

Psychology is considered a science because it a. gains information through new methods and technology. b. accepts what seems plausible and sensible. c. relies on direct observation and measurement of behavior. d. studies animal as well as human behavior.

answer

C

question

Repression refers to a. thoughts mistakenly held out of awareness. b. thoughts actively held out of awareness. c. forgetfulness. d. the fact that all thoughts, emotions, and actions are determined.

answer

B

question

Psychologists use animals in experiments in order to a. avoid using unreliable human subjects. b. comply with government prohibitions against any unpleasant experiments using human subjects. c. investigate problems that cannot be studied with human subjects in order to discover principles that apply to humans. d. eliminate the effect of the anthropomorphic fallacy.

answer

C

question

A common sense approach to psychology is a. the most reliable. b. often contradicted by empirical evidence. c. the basis for most psychological theories. d. the basis for collecting data (observed facts).

answer

B

question

Of the theorists listed below, who helped to develop the humanistic approach in psychology? a. Rogers b. Skinner c. Titchener d. Freud

answer

A

question

William James wrote Principles of Psychology and founded a. structuralism. b. functionalism. c. behaviorism. d. humanism.

answer

B

question

__________ focus their work on the attempt to explain all behavior in terms of internal physical mechanisms. a. Biopsychologists b. Behaviorists c. Psychoanalysts d. Humanists

answer

A

question

According to John B. Watson, psychology is the study of a. the mind. b. conscious experience. c. mental states. d. behavior.

answer

D

question

"I seek to understand the principles whereby a child develops the ability to think, speak, perceive, and learn." This statement identifies one as a __________ psychologist. a. physiological b. social c. developmental d. sensory/perceptual

answer

C

question

Which view of human nature is considered to be the most philosophical and the least scientific? a. behaviorism b. cognitive psychology c. humanism d. psychoanalysis

answer

C

question

According to one theory of psychology, many people have mental illnesses because their maladaptive behaviors have proven rewarding for them in the past and thus have been continued. This belief is consistent with which of the following models? (a) Behavioral (b) Biological (c) Cognitive (d) Psychodynamic (e) Sociocultural

answer

A

question

You are at a lecture about the history of psychology and the speaker states that Wilhelm Wundt's theory of structuralism was the first scientific psychological theory. On what historical fact might the speaker be basing their argument? a) Wundt was internationally known at the time, and this lent credence to his theory in the scientific community. b) Wundt studied under Ivan Pavlov for his graduate training, and Pavlov required scientific methods to be used. c) Structuralism was based on the results of his introspection experiments, so it is, at least in part, empirical d) Structuralism was based on careful anecdotes gathered from Wundt's extensive clinical career. e) Wundt was the first person to study psychology in academic setting.

answer

C

question

Sigmund Freud's theory of the unconscious mind a) was revolutionary because it was the first comprehensive explanation of human thought and behavior. b) resulted from discoveries about the human brain obtained by cadaver dissection c) is outdated and has no relevance for modern psychology d) focused entirely on human males' sex drive e) depends on the idea that humans can remember events but not consciously aware of the memory.

answer

E

question

In what way might a behaviorist disagree with a cognitive psychologist about the cause of aggression? a) A behaviorist might state that aggression is caused by memories or ways we think about aggressive behavior, while a cognitive psychologist might say aggression is caused by a past repressed experience b) A behaviorist might state that aggression is a behavior encouraged by our genetic code, while a cognitive psychologist might state that aggression is caused by memories or ways we think about aggressive behavior c) A behaviorist might state that aggression is caused by past rewards for aggressive behavior, while a cognitive psychologist might believe aggression is caused by an expressed desire to fulfill certain life needs d) A behaviorist might state that aggression is caused by past rewards for aggressive behavior, while a cognitive psychologist might believe aggression is caused by memories or ways we think about aggressive behavior e) A behaviorist would not disagree with a cognitive psychologist about aggression because they both believe that aggressive behavior is caused by the way we cognitively process certain behaviors

answer

D

question

Dr.Marco explains to a client that his feelings of hostility towards a coworker are most likely caused by the way the client interprets the coworker's actions and the way he thinks that people should behave at work. Dr.Marco is most likely working from what perspective? a) behavioral b) cognitive c) psychoanalytic d) humanist e) social cultural

answer

B

question

The research methology Wilhelm Wundt used is called a) introspection b) structuralism c) naturalistic observation d) inferential e) Scientific

answer

A

question

Which of the following psychologists wrote the first psychology textbook? a) William James b) Wilhelm Wundt c) B.F. Skinner d) John Watson e) Albert Bandura

answer

A

question

Which of the following psychologists was part of the gestalt group of psychologists? a) Carl Rogers b) Wilhelm Wundt c) B.F.Skinner d) John Watson e) Max Wertheimer

answer

E

question

Which of the following concepts is most integral to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory? a) trephining b) structuralism c) The unconscious mind d) The concept of Gestalt e) behaviorism

answer

C

question

Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory has been criticized for being a) appropriate for female patients, but not male patients b) only applicable to research settings, not therapy settings c) based on large groups, not individual cases d) unscientific and unverifiable e) too closely tied to behavioristic thought

answer

D

question

John Watson relied on the pioneering work of _____________ in establishing behaviorism as a paradigm of psychology a) B.F. Skinner b) Wilhelm Wundt c) William James d) Ivan Pavlov e) Sigmund Freud

answer

D

question

B. F. Skinner introduced the idea of _____________ to the paradigm of behaviorism a) unconscious thinking b) reinforcement c) conditioning d) defense mechanisms e) introspection

answer

B

question

which of the following psychologists might have described himself as a humanist? a) B.F Skinner b) William James c) Abraham Maslow d) John Watson e) Ivan Pavlov

answer

C

question

Symbolic dream analysis might be an important research technique to a psychologist from which of the following perspectives? a) behaviorist b) Biopsychologist c) psychoanalytic d) evolutionary e) structuralist

answer

C

question

Behaviorists explain human thought and behavior as a result of a) past conditioning b) unconscious behavioral impulses c) natural selections d) biological processes e) individual choice

answer

A

question

A therapist who says that she uses whatever psychological perspective works best for each patient might be described as a) social cultural b) humanist c) eclectic d) psychoanalytic e) functionalist

answer

C

question

Unit 2 Research Methods

answer

Placeholder

question

A psychologist using the method of naturalistic observation would a. carefully design controlled situations in which to observe behavior. b. rely on observations of subjects' responses to questionnaires. c. observe behavior as it happens outside the laboratory or clinic. d. make records of the behavior of clients treated in therapy.

answer

C

question

A scientific explanation that remains tentative until it has been adequately tested is called a(n) a. theory. b. law. c. hypothesis. d. experiment.

answer

C

question

__________ is an ability to evaluate, compare, analyze, critique, and synthesize information. a. Critical thinking b. Transductive thinking c. Deductive thinking d. Creative thinking

answer

A

question

A teacher believes that one group of children is very bright and that a second is below average in ability. Actually, the groups are identical, but the first group progresses more rapidly than the second. This demonstrates a. the self-fulfilling prophecy. b. the placebo effect in a natural experiment. c. observer bias in naturalistic observation. d. the ethical problems of field experiments.

answer

A

question

A psychologist observes the confrontation between two rival neighborhood gangs from the window of an abandoned building. This method of collecting observations is best described as a. experimental regression. b. naturalistic observation. c. controlled experimentation. d. clinical case study.

answer

B

question

Which of the following is considered a disadvantage of naturalistic observation? a. It provides an overabundance of information. b. It deals with behavior not tampered with by outside influences. c. It limits biased observations through careful record keeping. d. It does not identify the cause of observed behavior.

answer

D

question

To prevent ethical abuse in psychological research, the APA has suggested that a. psychologists must treat all subjects with respect and concern for the subject's dignity. b. psychologists must avoid deception with using human subjects. c. all data collected from a person must be made public. d. all psychological harm to subjects must be corrected by counseling.

answer

A

question

An experimenter conducts an experiment on the effects of a drug to control hallucinations. He declares the results to be "statistically significant," which usually means that a. even though appropriate statistics were used, no differences could be detected between experimental and control groups. b. the results have important implications for theory or practice. c. differences between experimental and control groups of this size occur by chance only 5 times out of 100 (or less). d. differences between experimental and control groups were so large they could never occur by chance alone.

answer

C

question

Which of the following coefficients of correlation indicates the strongest relationship between two sets of variables? a. -0.98 b. 0.90 c. 0.00 d. 1.20

answer

A

question

The most powerful research tool is a (an) a. clinical study. b. experiment. c. survey. d. correlational study.

answer

B

question

Students who do better in high school tend to do better in college. This is an example of a. a negative correlation. b. a zero correlation. c. a positive correlation. d. a perfect correlation.

answer

C

question

In the traditional learning experiment, the effect of practice on performance is investigated. Performance is the __________ variable. a. independent b. extraneous c. dependent d. control

answer

C

question

Collection of observable evidence, precise definition, and replication of results all form the basis for a. scientific observation. b. the scientific method. c. defining a scientific problem. d. hypothesis generation.

answer

B

question

Which of the following best describes a double-blind experimental procedure? a. All subjects get the experimental procedure. b. Half the subjects get the experimental procedure, half the placebo; which they receive is known only to the experimenter. c. Half the subjects get the experimental procedure, half the placebo; which they receive is not known to subjects or experimenters. d. All subjects get the control procedure.

answer

C

question

A friend states that since he has been taking vitamin C, he has not had a single cold. His observation has little value in assessing the effects of vitamin C because a. there was no control group for comparison. b. he has not calculated a correlation coefficient. c. of the effect of the observer on the observed. d. he does not specify his dosage of vitamin C.

answer

A

question

An example of the "experimenter effect" would be a situation in which the experimenter a. acts out the proper behavior for the subjects. b. deceives the subject as to the real purpose of the experiment. c. unknowingly hints to subjects what is expected of them. d. overtly tells the subjects how to respond.

answer

C

question

Which of the following is considered by the text to be a pseudo-psychology? a. cognitive psychology b. behaviorism c. Gestalt psychology d. astrology

answer

D

question

The results of carefully controlled observations of Clever Hans and his ability to solve math problems showed a. he could do math. b. he could add, but he could not subtract. c. he was cued by the owner looking up or down. d. none of these could be determined by observation.

answer

C

question

The study of unusual events is to __________ as information from a large number of people is to __________. a. clinical method; naturalistic observation b. correlational method; survey method c. experimental method; naturalistic observation d. clinical method; survey method

answer

D

question

I work at a university, and my research is designed to be of immediate use in the classroom. My research would be called a. basic. b. applied. c. impractical. d. ethical.

answer

B

question

In terms of critical thinking and testing, results should a. be incredible. b. be repeatable. c. be subjective. d. be meta-analytical.

answer

D

question

A major problem with the survey method is a. identifying the group to be questioned. b. obtaining a representative sample of subjects to be questioned. c. obtaining enough information in a short amount of time. d. that it cannot reveal very much about significant psychological events in the lives of the people tested.

answer

B

question

To assess clients' abilities, a phrenologist would want to a. read their handwriting. b. examine their skulls. c. study their palms. d. record their EEGs.

answer

B

question

In the simplest experiment, the two groups of subjects are treated exactly alike except for the __________ variable. a. independent b. dependent c. extraneous d. control

answer

A

question

When subjects in an experiment are chosen so that each has an equal chance of being in either the experimental group or the control group, we say that the subjects have been assigned a. alternately. b. hypothetically. c. randomly. d. consecutively.

answer

C

question

Two variables may be said to be causally related if a. they show a strong positive correlation. b. all extraneous variables are controlled, and the independent variable creates consistent differences in behavior of the experimental group. c. they are observed to co-vary on many separate occasions. d. they have been observed in a laboratory setting.

answer

B

question

Which of the following could serve as an experimental hypothesis? a. Although 25% of U.S. drivers say that they use the seatbelts in their cars, only 14% really do. b. A case history of multiple personality appeared to be caused by traumatic childhood experiences. c. College women who are anxious tend to want to be together. d. As the temperature increases, the number of hit batters in baseball increases.

answer

C

question

A correlation coefficient of -1.09 indicates a(n) a. strong positive correlation. b. strong negative correlation. c. cause/effect relationship. d. error in computation.

answer

D

question

One of the limitations of the case study is that a. there are few subjects for which it is applicable. b. there are no control groups. c. it is not applicable to the study of bizarre behavior. d. it requires a large and expensive sample size.

answer

B

question

A scientist wants to find out if there is empirical evidence for a relationship between caffeine and aggressive behavior. She would a. interview people to get their opinions. b. correlate newspaper accounts and the types of beverages consumed. c. test the idea by conducting an experiment. d. research what other experts had thought.

answer

C

question

The essence of the experimental method is a. accurate calculation of correlation's. b. obtaining direct reports from subjects about their subjective experiences. c. careful measurement and record keeping. d. using control to identify cause-and-effect connections.

answer

D

question

In a weight-reduction experiment, an overweight individual was given what the researcher called a new type of diet pill that would help curb the desire to eat. In fact, the pill really contained powdered milk, but ever since the individual started taking the diet pill, he has reported that his desire to eat has decreased. This illustrates the a. curvilinear relationship. b. effect of extraneous variables. c. natural experiment. d. placebo effect.

answer

D

question

A field experiment is one that a. uses the "real world" as a laboratory. b. tests a field or "range" of independent variables. c. differs little from naturalistic observation. d. requires no measurement of dependent variables.

answer

A

question

Unit 3 Neurons, Nervous System, Endocrine System, The Brain, Genetics, Evolutionary Psychology, Behavior

answer

Placeholder

question

The most obvious difference between the human brain and the brain of a carp would be in the a. hypothalamus b. thalamus c. cerebellum d. cerebral cortex

answer

D

question

The major link between the brain and the glandular system is the a. hypothalamus b. pituitary c. CNS d. midbrain

answer

A

question

__________ is closely related to grammar and pronunciation. a. Aphasia b. Broca's area c. Wernicke's area d. Agnosia

answer

B

question

One of the main differences between the brains of people who score high on mental tests and those who score low indicate that higher scorers have a. higher levels of gray matter. b. lower levels of gray matter. c. lower PET scan recordings. d. higher PET scan recordings.

answer

A

question

Damage to the cerebellum would most likely result in a. heart stoppage or respiratory failure. b. a loss of hearing ability. c. a loss of muscular coordination. d. a reduction in emotional response

answer

C

question

The endocrine system a. is the only communications network in the body. b. depends on electrical messages for communication. c. secretes hormones into the blood stream for communication. d. secretes hormones into the exocrine ducts for communication.

answer

C

question

An elderly acquaintance of yours has suffered from partial blindness since she had a stroke. Apparently the stroke damaged her a. occipital lobe. b. parietal lobe. c. temporal lobes. d. reticular formation.

answer

A

question

The pons acts as a bridge between the medulla and other brain areas and influences a. activity. b. sleep and arousal. c. motor behavior. d. higher reasoning.

answer

B

question

You are walking through a bad part of town, down a dark alley, and carrying a large amount of cash. Behind you, you hear a door open and close suddenly, and you immediately dive into the nearest trash container. The part of the forebrain mainly responsible for your reaction is the a. hippocampus. b. medulla. c. cerebrum. d. amygdala.

answer

D

question

An EEG records a. the number of neurons in the brain. b. electrical impulses from the brain. c. chemical activity in the cranial nerves. d. direct electrical stimulation and activation of the brain

answer

B

question

As we move from lower to higher animals a larger proportion of the brain is devoted to a. unusually large occipital lobes. b. the corpus callosum. c. the cerebrum. d. the spinal cord.

answer

C

question

Using an electrode, an experimenter produces flashes of colored light and simple visual experiences in a patient undergoing brain surgery. Most likely she has activated the a. parietal lobe. b. frontal lobe. c. occipital lobe. d. temporal lobe.

answer

C

question

Hartshorne and May conducted a famous set of experiments in which they tested children's honesty. They found that virtually everyone was honest in some situations and dishonest in others. This type of finding presents the greatest challenge to what type of personality theorist? A) Social Cognitive B) Trait C) Psychoanalytic D) Humanistic E) Behaviorist

answer

B Trait theorists describe personality with a set of characteristics that presumably should hold fairly constant across a wide variety of circumstances. If you say someone is conscientious, you typically don't mean that the person works hard in some situations and not in others. The other approaches all embrace the idea that the environment plays some role in shaping behavior and personality.

question

Paulene typically experiences feelings of autonomic nervous system arousal. With which type or disorder is this symptom is most closely associated? A) Schizophrenic B) Mood C) Anxiety D) Somatoform E) Dissocitative

answer

C Paulene seems to suffer from generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), a type of anxiety disorder. Autonomic arousal causes feelings of anxiety or nervousness

question

Which sentence most accurately describes the process of neural transmission? A)Neural messages jump the synaptic gap using a series of electrical impulses B) Electricity is generated w/in the cell, triggering neurotransmitters to be released into the spaces between cells C) Neurons work in combination with hormones to transmit chemical signals to the nuclei of neighboring neural cells. D) Chemical levels build up within the cell, triggering electric transfer between adjacent neurons E)Groups of neurons fire in sequence, creating neurotransmitters that are sent through the spinal cord to communicate with the rest of the body.

answer

B; Neural transmission is an electro-chemical process, involving an electrical charge that travels within a neuron and chemicals that pass between neurons across synaptic gaps

question

Why might the REM stage be called "paradoxical sleep?" A)it occurs in infants and gradually fades appears as we mature B) brain waves are as or more intense than in our waking state C) brain regions associated with paradoxical questions are most active during REM D) high levels of REM are associated with low probabilities of dream recall E) REM states frequently wake participants in sleep studies

answer

B During REM, we experience high-amplitude and high-frequency brain waves that are sometimes as or more intense than waking brain waves. This phenomenon is paradoxical because it occurs during a stage of sleep.

question

A drastic change in set-point would most affect which human behavior? A) self-actualization B) achievement C) eating D) aggression E) arousal

answer

C Set point theory describes the behavior of the hypothalamus in influencing our eating. This theory predicts that the hypothalamus tries to maintain a specific body weight, a set point, and when we are below that point it triggers hunger impulses and lowers our metabolic rate.

question

Whose theory of intelligence most directly incorporates a sense of "street smarts"? a) Sternberg b) Goleman c) Gardner d) Spearman e) Flynn

answer

A Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence includes a traditional academic type of intelligence (known as componential or analytic intelligence), experiential or creative intelligence that depends on one's ability to use knowledge in new ways, and a type of contextual or practical intelligence that enables people to apply what they know to real-world challenges. The concept of practical intelligence is related to street smarts.

question

Which type of scan would provide a psychiatrist with the most information about whether a stroke damaged communication between the left and right hemispheres? a) PET b) MRI c) CAT d) EEG e) fMRI

answer

E In order to investigate communication in the brain, the psychiatrist would need to use a scan that provides detailed information about which specific brain areas are active during specific tasks. The fMRI scan is most able to provide this kind of data.

question

Which of the following two memory-related concepts are most similar? a) chunking ; syntax b) mood-congruent ; state-dependent memory c) prototypes ; rehearsal d) primacy effect ; relearning effect e) belief bias ; availability heuristic

answer

B Both mood-congruent and state dependent memory describe similar phenomena that impact the probability a memory will be recalled.

question

Which of the following elements of maturation is least affected by environmental influences? a) attachment b) motor development c) concepts of conservation d) assimilation e) cognitive development

answer

B Motor development progresses through a series of predictable stages based on muscle and coordination development, and is not strongly impacted by environmental influences.

question

Ali became sick with the stomach flu shortly after trying a piece of fried eggplant at a party. Since then, Ali has avoided fried eggplant. What likely explains the rapid acquisition of this behavior? a) people have to develop a taste for eggplant b) given the current emphasis on healthy food, many people are trying to reduce their consumption of fried foods c) it is easier to develop an aversion to vegetables than to meat d) people are biologically predisposed to link unfamiliar tastes with nausea e) because the result of eating the eggplant was unpleasant, it is easy to learn to avoid it

answer

D Research has indicated that people and animals seem predisposed to link certain types of stimuli with certain kinds of consequences. As shown by Garcia and Koelling, novel tastes are easily associated with nausea but not with electric shock while loud noises and flashes of light are more easily associated with shock than with nausea.

question

Reaching down and scratching your kneecap in a dark theater probably relies most on which of the following senses? a) vision b) vestibular sense c) kinesthetic sense d) touch e) olfactory sense

answer

C The kinesthetic sense enables us to perceive where different parts of our bodies are located without looking at them. Reaching for our kneecap in a dark theater would depend most on this sense.

question

In the information processing model, encoding takes place between which steps in the model? a) between semantic ; episodic, and between episodic ; procedural b) between sensory ; short term, and between short term ; long term c) between retrieval ; recognition, and between recognition ; recall d) between retroactive ; proactive, and between proactive ; interference e)between convergent ; divergent, and between divergent ; heuristic

answer

B The three box model consists of sensory, short term, and long term memory. Memories are encoded from sensory to short term memory and from short term to long term memory.

question

Which management theory is most likely to help employees grow toward self-actualization? a) theory x b) theory y c) drive-reduction d) opponent process e) achievement motivation

answer

B The two management theories described by motivation psychologists are theory X and theory Y management theories. Theory X managers use rewards and punishments to coerce employees into working. Theory Y managers assume, like Maslow, that employees are intrinsically motivated and managers should work to inspire and enable employees to work.

question

Modern developmental psychology research indicates that which of the following aspects of Piaget's original cognitive development theory were inaccurate? a) human cognitive development does not progress in predicable stages b) object permanence does not develop until later cognitive development stages c) accommodation processes occur instead of assimilation processes within the context of cognitive development d) cognitive development may progress in a more continual way than the discrete stages described by Piaget e) Genetic influences may drive the sequence and speed of cognitive development, rather than environmental influences

answer

D Modern developmental psychologists criticize Piaget's original cognitive development theory for emphasizing discrete stages, rather than a more gradual and continual cognitive development.

question

Antipsychotic drugs most directly impact which of the following biological systems? a) hormonal system via the glands b) emotional system via the amygdala c) cognitive system via the thalamus d) neural system via neurotransmitters e) cerebral system via axons

answer

D Antipsychotic drugs most directly impact emotions, thinking, and behavior through changing neurotransmitter levels or neurons' abilities to absorb and use neurotransmitters.

question

Carl Jung is credited with introducing which of the following ideas? a) inferiority complex b) womb envy c) collective unconscious d) self-actualization e) factor analysis

answer

C Jung proposed that people inherit a kind of collective unconscious for the human species that is a repository for common important ideas that he called archetypes. The idea of an inferiority complex is credited to Alfred Adler; womb envy is a term coined by Karen Horney; self-actualization is associated with Abraham Maslow, and factor analysis is a statistical technique first developed by Charles Spearman.

question

According to Freud, during which stage is the superego formed? a) oral b) anal c) phallic d) latency e) genital

answer

C Freud asserted that the superego, essentially an individual's conscience, formed during the phallic stage (ages 3-5), largely as the result of the Oedipal crisis.

question

Research has shown that people are more likely to complete a survey if they are given a token incentive along with the survey than a larger incentive that will be given to them upon the survey's completion. Which phenomenon provides an explanation for this finding? a) norms of reciprocity b) positive reinforcement c) intrinsic motivation d) foot-in-the-door e) prosocial behavior

answer

A When you give someone a gift - even one of very token value - you engage what seems to be a natural response to reciprocate in kind. This norm of reciprocity explains why the prepayment of an incentive seems to work better than a promised post-payment even of greater value.

question

Modern psychologists might criticize Freud's original psychoanalytic theory for which of the following? a) freud focused on mild to moderate mental illnesses and avoided patients with potentially serious problems b) psychoanalytic theory did not progress quickly because the experimental data needed to support the theories relied on slower research methods such as longitudinal studies c) the issues psychoanalysts focused on were intellectually interesting to philosophers and theorists but did not have practical applications for real world problems d) psychoanalytic theories ; hypotheses were not falsifiable based on experimental data e) freud based the theory on extensive biological evidence, which was difficult for most psychologists to understand

answer

D Some of Freud's ideas about the connection between personality and human behavior (such as the id, ego, and superego) were difficult to establish or falsify with empirical data.

question

Children who do not learn a primary language before adolescence typically have trouble becoming fluent in any language during the rest of their lives. This research finding most supports which theory of language acquisition? a) overgeneralization b) linguistic relarivity hypothesis c) semantic network theory d) Nativist theory e) Divergent thinking

answer

D The nativist theory of language acquisition predicts that there is a critical period of maturation during which human brains are "wired" to acquire language. If a child passes through this critical period without acquiring language, it will be difficult for that child to ever acquire language.

question

Within the context of states of consciousness research, what does the term tolerance refer to? a) feelings and attitudes toward individuals who have atypical belief systems b) the need for an increased doe of a psychoactive drug to produce the same effect c) the actions of the group towards individulas who choose to express unpopular opinions d) changes in dopamine levels during sleep studies e) resistance to the bystander effect attributed to previously held opinions

answer

B Tolerance within the context of states of consciousness refers to the increased need for a drug in order to produce the same physiological effect.

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