AP Psychology Chapter 8 – Flashcards
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The component of language concerned with understanding the meaning of words and word combinations
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Semantics
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A collection of symbols, and rules for combining those symbols, that can be used to create an infinite variety of messages
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Language
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The smallest units of sound in a spoken language
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Phonemes
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The smallest units of meaning in a language
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Morphemes
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The rules that specify how words can be combined into phrases and sentences
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Syntax
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Using a word incorrectly to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to
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Overextension
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Using a word to describe a narrower set of objects than it is meant to
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Underextension
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Single-word utterances that represent the meanings of several words
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Telegraphic Speech
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The ability to reflect on the use of language
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Metalinguistic Awareness
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Consists of the acquisition of two languages that employ different speech sounds, vocabulary, and grammatical rules
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Bilingualism
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The degree to which a person is socially and psychologically integrated into a new culture
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Acculturation
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Basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind
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Availability Heuristic
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Basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event
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Representativeness Heuristic
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The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge
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Cognition
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The tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use
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Functional Fixedness
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The sudden discovery of a correct solution to a problem following incorrect attempts
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Insight
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A strategy for solving problems
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Heuristic
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The process by which children map a word on an underlying concept after only one exposure to the word
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Fast Mapping
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The average of youngsters' spoken statements (measured in morphemes)
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Mean Length of Utterance
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Generalizing grammatical rules to irregular cases where they do not apply
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Overregularization
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Making decisions under conditions of uncertainty
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Risky Decision Making
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A hypothetical innate mechanism or process that facilitates the learning of language
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Language Acquisition Device
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Persisting in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past
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Mental Set
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The theory that one's language determines one's thoughts
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Linguistic Relativity
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The active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable
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Problem Solving
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Trying possible solutions sequentially and discarding those that are in error unil one works
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Trial and Error
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Evaluating alternatives and making choices among them
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Decision making
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How issues are posed or how choices are structured
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Framing
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Occurs when peoples' belief about whether and outcome will occur changes depending on how alternative outcomes are distributed, even though the summed probability of the alternative outcomes is held constant
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Alternative Outcomes Effect
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A methodical, step-by-step procedure for trying all possibly alternatives in searching for a solution to a problem
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Algorithm
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The tendency to seek information that supports one's decisions and beliefs while ignoring disconfirming evidence
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Confirmation Bias
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Occurs when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening are greater than the odds of either event happening alone
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Conjunction Fallacy
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Refers to individuals' tendency to rely primarily on either external or internal frames of referece when orienting themselves in space
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Field dependence-independence
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The belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently
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Gambler's fallacy
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Refers to the set of possible pathways to a solution considered by the problem solver
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Problem Space
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Asserts that peole tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focus only on a few facets of available options an often result in "irrational" decisions that are less than optimal
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Theory of Bounded Rationality
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Young children have a larger receptive vocabulary than productive vocabulary. In other words, they ____ more words than they ____
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Understand; speak
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The cognitive revolution in psychology occurred in
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the 1950s
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The two sentecnes "The boy hit the ball" and "The ball was hit by the boy" are the same in regard to
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Syntax
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Which of the following best describes the capabilities of three-month-old infants. They can distinguish
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all the phonemes in their native language
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In a language, the smallest units of meaning are
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Morphemes
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Which of the following is the best example of overregularization?
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Cookie
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The system of rules that specify how words can be arranged into sentences in a language refers to
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Syntax
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The english language contains approximately
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100 Phonemes
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The area of language concerned with understanding the meaning of words and word combinations is
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Semantics
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The process by which a child leanrs a new word after ony one exposure to the word it
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Fast Mapping
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The vocabulary spurt typically begins at around
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18-24 months
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Which of the following is NOT a critical property of language
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Language is orderly
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The area of psychology that refers broadly to mental processes or thinking is
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Cognition
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When an infant produces repetitive consonant-vowel combinations such as "babababa," the infant is
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Babbling
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The fact that a limited number of words may be combined into an infinite number of sentences illustrates that language is
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Generative
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Rules exist that govern how words may be combine into phrases and sentences.This describes the critical property that language is
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structured
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A child is exhibiting underextension when
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mom's car
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Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech
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Give cookie
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In the sentence "First the oven was preheated to 350 degrees," the word preheated consists of _____ morphemes
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three
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Which is least accurate
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Bilingual children are less advanced in language acquisition
