Ap Psychology Chapter 2 Test Questions – Flashcards
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Life support center of the neuron.
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Cell Body
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Branching extensions at the cell body. Receive messages from other neurons.
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Dendrites
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Long single extension of a neuron, covered with myelin sheath to insulate and speed up messages through neurons.
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Axon
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Branched endings of an axon that transmit messages to other neurons.
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Terminal Branches of the Axon
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occurs when positive ions enter the neuron, making it more prone to firing an action potential.
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Depolarization
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occurs when negative ions enter the neuron, making it less prone to firing an action potential.
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Hyperpolarization
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when the positive ions outweigh the negative ions and the neuron fires
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Threshold
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After a neuron fires an action potential it pauses for a short period to recharge itself to fire again.
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Refractory Period
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pump positive ions out from the inside of the neuron, making them ready for another action potential.
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Sodium-Potassium Pump
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a junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. This tiny gap is called the synaptic gap or cleft.
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Synapse
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Neurotransmitters in the synapse are reabsorbed into the sending neurons through the process of _______. This process applies the brakes on neurotransmitter action.
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Reuptake
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1. Dendrites receive a neurotransmitter 2. Neurotransmitters hyper/depolarize the cell 3. Cell reaches threshold and fires 4. Action potential travels down the axon 5. reaches terminal branches that release neurotransmitter 6. Binds to dendrites on next neuron
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Process
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mood regulation
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What are serotonin pathways involved with?
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diseases such as Parkinson's and Schizophrenia
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What are Dopamine pathways involved with?
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feel good chemicals
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What are endorphin's?
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A substance (molecule) that acts against and blocks an action.
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Antagonist
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A substance (molecule) that acts like another substance and therefore stimulates an action.
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Agonist
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Consists of all nerve cells in the body. It is the body's speedy electrochemical communication system.
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Nervous System
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the brain and spinal cord
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What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?
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the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body
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Peripheral Nervous System
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carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the CNS
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Sensory Neurons
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carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands
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Motor Neurons
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connect two neurons
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Interneurons
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support network for neurons
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Glial Cells
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provide nutrition to neurons
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Astrocytes
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insulate neurons as myelin
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What do Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells do?
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The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles.
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Somatic Nervous System
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Part of the PNS that controls the glands and other muscles.
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Division of the ANS that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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Division of the ANS that calms the body, conserving its energy.
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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the body's "slow" chemical communication system. Communication is carried out by hormones synthesized by a set of glands
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Endocrine System
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chemicals synthesized by the endocrine glands that are secreted in the bloodstream. Hormones affect the brain and many other tissues of the body.
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Hormones
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Is called the "master gland." The anterior pituitary lobe releases hormones that regulate other glands. The posterior lobe regulates water and salt balance.
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Pituitary Gland
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brain region controlling the pituitary gland (ENDOCRINE SYSTEM)
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Hypothalamus
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affects metabolism (ENDOCRINE SYSTEM)
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Thyroid Gland
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helps regulate calcium levels (ENDOCRINE SYSTEM)
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Parathyroids
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produces hormones such as sex hormones and cortisal (ENDOCRINE SYSTEM)
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Adrenal Glands
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inner part of adrenal glands that help to trigger the "fight or flight" response (ENDOCRINE SYSTEM)
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Medulla
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regulates blood sugar (ENDOCRINE SYSTEM)
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Pancrease
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secretes female sex hormones (ENDOCRINE SYSTEM)
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Ovary
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secretes male sex hormones (ENDOCRINE SYSTEM)
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Testis
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experimentally destroys brain tissue to study animal behaviors after such destruction (TECHNIQUE TO STUDY BRAIN)
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Lesions
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shed light on a number of brain disorders. Alterations in brain morphology due to neurological and psychiatric diseases are now being cataloged. (TECHNIQUE TO STUDY BRAIN)
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Clinical Study
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An amplified recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain's surface, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
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a visual display of brain activity that detects a radioactive form of glucose while the brain performs a given task.
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PET (positron emission topography) Scan
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uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of brain tissue.
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MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
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base of the brain stem that controls heartbeat and breathing
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Medulla (Brain)
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nerve network in the brain stem that plays a large part in controlling arousal
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Reticular Formation
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brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. It directs messages to the sensory areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.
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Thalamus
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the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem. It helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance
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Cerebellum
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is a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brain stem and cerebrum, associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and drives for food and sex. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.
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Limbic System
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consists of two almond-shaped neural clusters linked to the emotions of fear and anger
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Amygdala
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refers to the brain's ability to modify itself after some type of injury or illness.
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Plasticity
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The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres. It is the body's ultimate control and information processing center
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Cerebral Cortex
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forehead
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Where is the frontal lobe?
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top to rear head
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Where is the parietal lobe?
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back head
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Where is the occipital lobe?
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sides of the head
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Where is the temporal lobe?
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area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary movements
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Motor Cortex
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receives information from the sense organs and the surface of the skin
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Sensory Cortex (parietal)
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loss of language skills usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area or to Wernicke's area
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Aphasia
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transforms visual representations into auditory code
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Angular Gyrus
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controls speech muscles via the motor cortex
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Broca's Area
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interprets audio code
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Wernicke's area
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receives written words as well as visual stimulation
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Visual Cortex
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A
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An axon transmits messages ________ the cell body and a dendrite transmits messages ________ the cell body. a. away from; toward b. away from; away from c. toward; away from d. toward; toward
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A
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The venom of the black widow spider causes violent muscle contractions by flooding synapses with a. ACh. b. GABA. c. dopamine. d. adrenaline.
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A
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Depressed mood states are linked to ________ levels of serotonin and ________ levels of norepinephrine. a. low; low b. high; high c. low; high d. high; low
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B
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A drug that blocks the reuptake of a particular neurotransmitter is called a(n) a. opiate. b. antagonist. c. glutamate. d. agonist.
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D
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The peripheral nervous system consists of a. association areas. b. the spinal cord. c. the reticular formation. d. sensory and motor neurons.
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D
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The autonomic nervous system most directly controls a. speech production. b. thinking and memory. c. movement of the arms and legs. d. bladder contractions.
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B
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Although Ron has no genital sensations, he is capable of an erection if his genitals are stimulated. Ron's experience is most indicative of a: A. Hemispheretomy. B. Severed spinal cord. C. Split brain. D. Reward deficiency syndrome.
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A
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The release of epinephrine and norepinephrine ________ blood pressure and _______ blood sugar levels. A. Raises; raises B. Lowers; lowers C. Raises; lowers D. Lowers; raises
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C
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To monitor the electrical activity in the brain that is triggered by hearing one's own name, researchers would make use of a(n) A. MRI. B. PET scan. C. EEG. D. Brain lesion.
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B
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Research has suggested that a reward deficiency syndrome may contribute to: A. Insomnia. B. Alcoholism. C. Schizophrenia. D. Parkinson's disease.
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B
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Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most directly involved in speaking? A. Occipital B. Frontal C. Temporal D. Parietal
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A
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The visual cortex is located in the Answer: A. Occipital lobes. B. Parietal lobes. C. Temporal lobes. D. Association areas.
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D
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Following massive damage to his frontal lobes, Phineas Gage was most strikingly debilitated by A. Plasticity. B. Memory loss. C. Auditory hallucinations. D. Irritability
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D
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Brain scans indicate that well-practiced pianists have a larger-than-usual auditory cortex area that encodes piano sounds. This best illustrates A. Hemispherectomy. B. Tomography. C. Neural prosthetics. D. Plasticity
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B
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Research with split-brain patients suggests that the ________ typically constructs the theories people offer to explain their own behaviors. A. Autonomic nervous system B. Left cerebral hemisphere C. Somatic nervous system D. Right cerebral hemisphere
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B
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The vast majority of neurons in the body's information system are Answer A. Stem cells. B. Interneurons. C. Motor neurons. D. Sensory neurons.
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D
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Natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control are called Answer A. ACh agonists. B. Dendrites. C. Morphene antagonists. D. Endorphins.
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B
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Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin will thereby increase the concentration of serotonin molecules in the Answer A. Axon terminals. B. Synaptic gaps. C. Glial cells. D. Endocrine glands
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A
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Botox injections smooth facial wrinkles because botulin is a(n) A. ACh antagonist. B. Dopamine antagonist. C. ACh agonist. D. Dopamine agonist.
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D
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In stressful situations, the sympathetic nervous system ________ blood sugar levels and ________ the pupils of the eyes. Answer A. Lowers; dilates B. Raises; contracts C. Lowers; contracts D. Raises; dilates
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C
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While listening to operatic solos, musicians process the lyrics and the tunes in separate brain areas. This most clearly illustrates the functioning of different A. Neurotransmitters. B. Reticular formations. C. Neural networks. D. Limbic systems.
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D
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The endocrine system consists of A. Association areas. B. Neural networks. C. Interneurons. D. Glands.
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C
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Which of the following would be most useful for detecting the brain areas that are most active as a person performs mathematical calculations? Answer A. a brain lesion B. an interneuron C. a PET scan D. a hemispherectomy
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C
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Which region of the brain appears to have the oldest evolutionary history? Answer A. Frontal lobes B. Limbic system C. Brainstem D. Corpus callosum
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C
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After suffering an accidental brain injury, Kira has difficulty walking in a smooth and coordinated manner. She has probably suffered damage to her A. Amygdala. B. Hypothalamus C. Cerebellum. D. Corpus callosum
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D
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The limbic system structure that regulates hunger is called the: A. Thalamus. B. Amygdala. C. Hippocampus. D. Hypothalamus.
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B
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Which portion of the cerebral cortex is most directly involved in making plans and formulating moral judgments? A. Occipital lobes B. Frontal lobe C. Temporal lobes D. Parietal lobes
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D
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The regions of the parietal lobes that are involved in mathematical and spatial reasoning are known as: A. The amygdala. B. Reward centers. C. The reticular formation. D. Association areas.
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C
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The successful functioning of children who have experienced the surgical removal of an entire cerebral hemisphere best illustrates the value of: A. Neural prosthetics. B. Phrenology. C. Plasticity. D. ACh antagonists.
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A
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Speech is processed primarily in the right hemisphere by the ________ of those who are left-handed and by the ________ of those who are right-handed. A. minority; minority B. majority; majority C. minority; majority D. majority; minority
