ap psychology ch 7 congition thinking intelligence – Flashcards
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thinking (cognition)
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mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand information and communicating information to others
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mental images
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mental representations that stand for objects or events and have a picture-like quality
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superordinate concept
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the most general form of a type of concept, such as "animal" or "fruit"
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formal concepts
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concepts that are defined by specific rules or features
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natural concepts
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concepts people form as a result of their experiences in the real world
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problem solving
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process of cognition that occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways
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means-end analysis
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heuristic in which the difference between the starting situation and the goal is determined and then steps are taken to reduce that difference
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functional fixedness
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a block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects in terms of only their typical functions
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confirmation bias
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the tendency to search for evidence that fits one's beliefs while ignoring any evidence that does not fit those beliefs
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convergent thinking
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type of thinking in which a problem is seen as having only one answer, and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer, using previous knowledge and logic
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divergent thinking
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type of thinking in which a person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point
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triarchic theory of intelligence
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Sternberg's theory that there are three kinds of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical
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intelligence quotient (IQ)
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a number representing a measure of intelligence, resulting from the division of one's mental age by one's chronological age and then multiplying that quotient by 100
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reliability
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the tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it is given to the same people
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validity
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the degree to which a test actually measures what it's supposed to measure
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emotional intelligence
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the awareness of and ability to manage one's own emotions as well as the ability to be self-motivated, able to feel what others feel, and socially skilled
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syntax
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the system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences
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morphemes
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The smallest units of meaning in a language.
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semantics
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the rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences
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phonemes
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the basic units of sound in language
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pragmatics
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aspects of language involving the practical ways of communicating with others, or the social "niceties" of language
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linguistic relativity hypothesis
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the theory that thought processes and concepts are controlled by language
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cognitive universalism
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theory that concepts are universal and influence the development of language
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cognitive reserve
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the ability of the brain to build and maintain new neurons and the connections between them
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subordinate concept
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the most specific category of a concept, such as one's pet dog or a pear in one's hand
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concepts
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ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities
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basic level type
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an example of a type of concept around which other similar concepts are organized, such as "dog", "cat", or "pear"
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prototype
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an example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept
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trial and error (mechanical solution)
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problem-solving method in which one possible solution after another is tried until a successful one is found
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algorithms
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very specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems
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heuristic
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an educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem. Also known as a "rule of thumb"
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artifical intelligence (AI)
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the creation of a machine that can think like a human
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mental set
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the tendency for people to persist in using problem-solving patterns that have worked for them in the past
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creativity
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the process of solving problems by combining ideas or behavior in new ways
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intelligence
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the ability to learn from one's experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems
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G factor
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the ability to reason and solve problems, or general intelligence
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S factor
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the ability to excel in certain areas, or specific intelligence.
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analytical intelligence
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the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving
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creative intelligence
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the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems
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practical intelligence
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the ability to use information to get along in life and become successful
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deviation IQ scores
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a type of intelligence measure that assumes that IQ is normally distributed around a mean of 100 with a standard deviation of about 15
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developmentally delayed
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condition in which a person's behavioral and cognitive skills exist at an earlier developmental stage than the skills of others who are the same chronological age. A more acceptable term for mental retardation
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gifted
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the 2 percent of the population falling on the upper end of the normal curve and typically possessing an IQ of 130 or above
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language
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a system for combining symbols (such as words) so that an unlimited number of meaningful statements can be made for the purpose of communicating with others
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grammar
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the system of rules governing the structure and use of a language
