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Dorthea Dix

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Advocated constructed mental hospitals to offer more human methods of treatment

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Early approaches to treatment

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Harsh (cut holes in people's heads) Gentle (give baths)

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Psychotherapy

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Use psychological techniques to assist someone seeking to overcome difficulties to achieve personal growth

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Insight therapy

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Type of psychotherapy Therapist helps patient understand how their feelings and events from the past influence current mindset

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Behavioral therapy

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Type of psychotherapy Focuses on changing or reducing the occurrence of some maladaptive behavior

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Biomedical therapy

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Use of a prescribed medication or medical procedure that acts directly on the patients nervous system

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Eclectic approach

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The type treatment used will depend on clients problems

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Alternative therapies

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Only practice that is put forward as having healing affects but is not founded on evidence gathered using the scientific method

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Freuds psychoanalysis

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Assumption:problems from unconscious conflicts that usually date back to childhood experiences Focus:helps patients gain insight into how childhood conditions created unconscious conflicts Evaluation:works best for articulate highly motivated patients, time consuming and expensive, outdated, lacks empirical proof

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Psychoanalysis

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New updated version Offers interpretations that cannot be proven or disproven

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Psychodynamic

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Old version

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Free association

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Patient: Lay on couch and freely expose what's going on Therapist: encourages flow of association to provide clues to what unconscious is hiding

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Analyzing dreams

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Patient: describes manifest content of dream Therapist: uncover latent content of dream

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Analyzing resistance

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Patient: consciously/unconsciously conceals disturbing memories, motives, experiences Therapist: help patient confront and overcome resistance

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Analyzing transference

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Patient: projects or Transfers unresolved conflict onto therapist Therapist: helps patient gain insight by reliving painful past relationships

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Offering interpretation

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Patient:more they share, closer they attach to therapist Therapist: must then decide when is right time to offer interpretation

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Psychodynamic therapists

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Similar to psychoanalysis because they try to enhance self insight by focusing on unconscious forces and childhood experiences Differs from psychoanalysis because they talk face to face and don't meet as much

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Interpersonal psychotherapy

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A psychodynamic therapy that has been effective in treating depression Focus on modifying relationship in present and improve relationship skills

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Humanist therapists

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Assumption: problems stem from obstacles that block personal growth and potential Focus: focus on the present (here and now) with the conscious thought processes, don't care about past Evaluation: approach has helped to remove stigma attached with mental health, unstructured vague subjective leaving it with little empirical proof

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Client approach

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Rogers referred to patients as clients because he sough to reduce stigma of person being viewed as sick

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Non directive approach

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Therapist listens without judgement and refrains from directing the clients insights, clients posses the answer to their problem

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Empathy

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Therapist must sense and reflect clients feelings

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Unconditional positive regard

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Therapist enables client to feel unconditionally accepted

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Genuiness

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Therapist genuinely expresses their true feelings

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Active listening

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Empathetic listening in which listener echoes, restates, and clarifies

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Motivational interviewing

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Express empathy Develop discrepancy between goals/values and behaviors Avoid arguments Support self efficacy and optimism Roll with the clients resistance

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Self efficacy

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Belief in ones ability to deal with the diff demands in their life

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Behavior therapies

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Assumption: problems stem from destructive behavior Focus: use learning principles to replace problem behaviors with constructive behaviors Evaluation: effective in treating phobias, eating disorders, and OCD, minimizes emotions

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Bell and pad treatment

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Child sleeps on top of pad (placed under bed sheet) when bed becomes wet, alarm sounds waking child Effective with 75% of school aged children

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Counter conditioning

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By Mary cover jones Using classical conditioning principles to create new conditioned stimulus include exposure and aversive therapies Give daughter a hug when she gets scared in the dark to reduce that fear

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Systematic desensitization

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By Wolpe 1.patient learns progressive relaxation technique (breathing) 2.patient constructs anxiety hierarchies (items that produce little to severe anxiety) 3. Patient uses progressive relaxation techniques to move through anxiety hierarchy Form of psychotherapy Classical conditioning

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Aversive therapy

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Rarely an effective technique Pair an aversive (harsh) stimulus with an undesirable behavior or thought

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Behavior modification

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Using operant conditioning principles to help shape behaviors, reinforcement, punishment, shaping (reinforce behaviors that help individuals build goals, extinction (stop reinforcing desired behaviors)

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Token economy

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Receive tokens for exhibiting desired behaviors Exchanged for rewards Used in homes and classrooms Operant conditioning

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Cognitive therapies

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Assumption:faulty thoughts such as negative self talk and irrational beliefs cause psychological problems Focus:help their patients change the way the think about and interpret their life events Evaluation:effective in treating anxiety, depression addiction, anger, and bulimia, criticized for not recognized unconscious drives and emotions

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Rational emotive behavioral therapy

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By albert Ellis Activating event Beliefs, both rational and irrational Consequences, emotional and behavioral Disputing wonky beliefs leads to... Emotional state, new Encourages depressed clients to stop blaming themselves for negative consequences beyond their control

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Therapist role

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Direct and confrontational 1. Identify the core rational beliefs 2. Vigorously disputes and challenges the irrational beliefs

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Client role

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Humbled and must make a radical change with lots of effort 1. Patient must admit irrational beliefs 2. Patient accepts beliefs as rational and unhealthy Clients can diagnose and solve their own problems Most non directive form of therapy

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Aaron beck

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Change unrealistic or catastropipnig beliefs Developed by a negative cognitive bias Created cognitive therapy

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Cognitive therapy

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1. Therapist build a relationship similar to Rogers unlike Ellis 2. Client recognizes and monitors their automatic thoughts 3. Therapist helps client test the accuracy of those beliefs 4. Client learns to evaluate themselves independently Encourage him to stop blaming himself for not being able to prevent their wife's death

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Cognitive behavioral theroay

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Assumption: thoughts, moods, and behaviors are inter related, vicious cycle Tools and techniques:behavior modification and shaping Evaluation: decreases delusions and hallucinations in schizophrenic patients

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Group therapy

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A group of people (3-10) meet and work toward therapeutic goals with one or more therapists Group meme overs role play new behaviors and receive instant feedback Effective (financially and psychologically) People realize they are not alone in their problems

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Family therapy

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Families meet with one or two therapists to identify and change maladaptive family interactions Identify unhealthy patterns and create new healthy rules Promote long lasting changes by creating a healthier environment

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Couples therapy

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Couples meet with counselor to improve intimacy and build them as a team Improve intimacy by improving communication and adapting new communication skills Same as family therapy

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Placebo effect

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You believe it works due to power of the the mind Clients and therapist believes the treatment will work and therefore it does

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Regression toward the mean

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Tendency for unusual events (including emotions) to return to their average state Ex: when rings hit rock bottom going to a therapist is more likely to be followed by improvement than by further descent

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Meta-Analysis

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A statistical or sure that combines the conclusions of a large number of different studies

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Most effective therapies

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No one therapy ( also clinicians experience training) has been shown to best in all cases Most effective when problem is clear cut

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Ineffective therapies

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Energy therapies Recover memory therapist Rebirthing therapists

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Evidence based practices

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Involves clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

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Benefits of psychotherapy

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Hope New perspective Empathetic caring relationship

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Role of culture

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Psychotherapists personal beliefs and values influence their therapy and is seen with two key differences

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Type of culture

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In regards to the significance of self gratification, self sacrifice, and interpersonal commitment Helps explain why minorities are reluctant to use mental health services

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Religon

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Religious clients prefer religious therapies Religious client struggle to build emotional bond with non religious therapists

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Guidelines for selecting a therapist

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Visit 2 or 3 therapists You agree with the therapist treatment plan with your preferred theoretical approach Ask questions Emotionally bond

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EMDR

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therapist waves a finger in front of eyes of a client to unlock and reprocess previously frozen trauma memories Controlled studies have not supported the effectiveness if EMDR

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Light exposure

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Exposes people to daily doses of light that mimics outdoor light Proven effective in tearing people seasonal affective disorder

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Psychopharmacology

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Study of drug effects on the mind and behavior

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Neuroleptics

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Prescription drugs used to reduce symptoms

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Anti-psychotics

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Used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorders

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Anti anxiety

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Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation Depress cns activity

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Anti depressants

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Drugs used to treat depression and increasingly used to treat anxiety

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Mood stabilizers

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Drugs used to limit highs and lows (bipolar disorder) Stabilizes current and future moods by stabilizing glutamate Lithium- treats bipolar disorder, Xanax- nervousness Small diff between appropriate and toxic dosage level

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Stimulants

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Drugs used to treat ADHD

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Typical anti psychotics

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Reduce dopamine activity by blocking its receptors sites Thorazine Tardive dyskinesia- restlessness and involuntary rolling of tongue Revolving door (patients quit taking drug)

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Atypical anti-psychotics

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Blocks dopamine and serotonin receptors Abilify Less than typical antipsychotics but increases risk of obesity and diabetes

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Tricyclics compounds

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Anti depressants Require neutron reabsorption of neurotransmitters (block regulate) Tofranil Weight gain, dizziness, and sedation

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MAO inhibitors

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Anti depressants Increase amount of norepinephrine ( a chemical that breaks down in the synapse) by limiting the activity of enzyme MAO can lead to high blood pressure

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SSRI's

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Anti depressants Focus on preventing the reputable of sera toning Prozac, Zoloft, amd Paxil Side effects are headaches and nervousness Slow the normal reabsorption of excess serotonin from synapses

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Electro convulsive therapy (ect)

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Shock therapy used mostly for depression Induces brief brain seizures Very controversial Temp memory loss Need lots of sleeping after treatment

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Repetitive teams cranial magnetic stimulation (rtms)

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Performed on wide awake patients Magnetic energy penetrated to the brains surface No seizures or memory loss Calms brain are that is active in sad people

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Psychosurgery

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Remove or destroy brain tissue in effort to change behavior

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Lobotomy

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Nerves that connect the frontal loves to the emotion Controlling center of the inner brain are cut Causes larger age impulsive personality Procedure has been abandoned Surgically cutting nerves connecting frontal lobes to emotion controlling centers of inner brain

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Treating disorders with biopsychosocial model

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Human being is an integrated biopsychosocial system 12 week program for depression info sued expertise and sleep

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Individual focus with resilience

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One way to prevent some disorders Ability to cope with stress and recover from adversity

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Change the social environment

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Goal is to create an environment that is nurturing for individual growth

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