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After the horror of 9/11, many people said the CIA and FBI should obviously have foreseen the likelihood of this form of terrorism. This perception most clearly illustrates

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Hindsight bias

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When Leanne heard about experimental evidence that drinking orange juice triggers hyperactivity in children, she questioned whether the tested children had been randomly assigned to experimental conditions. Leanne's reaction best illustrates

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critical thinking

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Stacey suggests that because children are more impulsive than adults, they will have more difficulty controlling their anger. Stacey's prediction regarding anger management is an example of

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a hypothesis

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Professor Carter observes and records the behavior of grocery shoppers as they select items to purchase. Which type of research is Professor Carter using?

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a naturalistic observation

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A negative correlation between people's work-related stress and their marital happiness would indicate that

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higher levels of martial happiness are associated with lower levels of work related stress

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Mr. Brown has gathered evidence that the self-esteem of students is negatively correlated with their typical levels of anxiety. Before he uses this evidence to conclude that self-esteem reduces anxiety, Mr. Brown should first be reminded that

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correlation does not prove causation

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Which method offers the most reliable way of assessing whether athletic performance is boosted by caffeine consumption

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the expierment

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In drug-treatment studies, double-blind procedures minimize outcome differences between experimental and control conditions that could be attributed to

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placebo effects

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In an experimental study of the extent to which mental alertness is inhibited by sleep deprivation, alertness would be the

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dependent variable

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To assess whether sense of humor is affected by sexual stimulation, researchers exposed married couples to either sexually stimulating or to sexually nonstimulating movie scenes prior to watching a comedy skit. In this research, the independent variable consisted of

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level of sexual stimulation

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One person in a 10-person group is 10 times older than anyone else in the group. With respect to age, it is MOST likely that the majority of group members are younger than the group's

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mean

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The ________ is a measure of ________.

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median;central tendency

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The maximum height of a normal curve corresponds to the ________ of a normal distribution.

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mean

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Random samples provide ________ estimates of population averages if the samples have small ________.

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good; standard deviations

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Ethical principles developed by psychologists urge investigators to

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treat information about individual research participants confidentially

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Jamie and Lynn were sure that they had answered most of the multiple-choice questions correctly because "the questions required only common sense." However, they each scored less than 60% on the exam. This best illustrates

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overconfidence

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Psychological theories a. organize scientific observations. b. explain observed facts. c. generate hypotheses. d. do all of these things.

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D

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Which research method runs the greatest risk of collecting evidence that may be unrepresentative of what is generally true

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the case study

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Every twenty-fifth person who subscribed to a weekly news magazine was contacted by market researchers to complete a survey of opinions regarding the magazine's contents. The researchers were applying the technique known as

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random sampling

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A correlation of +0.70 between children's physical height and their popularity among their peers indicates that

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higher levels of popularity among your peers is associated with greater physical height in children.

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Surveys are most likely to indicate that reckless behavior and self-control are

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negatively correlated

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A tendency to notice and remember instances in which our premonitions of disaster are subsequently followed by harmful events is most likely to contribute to

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illusory correlations

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To test the potential effect of hunger on taste sensitivity, groups of research participants are deprived of food for differing lengths of time before they engage in a taste-sensitivity test. This research is an example of

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an experiment

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Researchers control factors that might influence a dependent variable by means of

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random assignment

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In a study of factors that might affect memory, research participants were assigned to drink either an alcoholic or a nonalcoholic beverage prior to completing a memory test. Those who drank the nonalcoholic beverage were assigned to the ________ group.

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control

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In an experimental study of the effects of dieting on weight loss, dieting would be the

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independent variable

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Ahmed has five sisters who are 3, 3, 5, 9, and 10 years of age. The number "5" represents the ________ of the sisters' ages.

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median

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The ________ can be a particularly misleading indication of what is average for a ________ distribution of scores.

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mean;skewed

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The ________ is a measure of ________.

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standard deviation; variation

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Differences between two samples are LEAST likely to be statistically significant if

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the samples are small and the standard deviations of the samples are large

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hindsight bias

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the tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it (i-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)

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Critical thinking

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thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions rather it examines assumption, discerns hidden value evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions

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Theory

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An explanation using an integrated set of principle that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

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Hypothesis

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A testable prediction often implied by a theory

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operation definition

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a statement of procedures (operation) used to define research variables

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Replication

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Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations to see whether the basic findings extend to other participants

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Case study

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an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing principles

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Survery

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A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

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Population

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all the cases in the group being studied from which samples may be down

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Random sample

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a sample of fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

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Naturalistic observation

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observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

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Correlation

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a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

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Correlation coefficient

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a statistical index of the relationship between two things

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Scatter plots

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a graphed cluster dots, each of which represents the values of two variable the slope of the points suggest the direction of the relationship between two variables. the amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation little scatter indicates high correlation

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Illusory correlation

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the perception of a relationship where none exists

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Experiment

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A research method in which investigators manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

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Random assignment

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Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance thus minimizing pre existing differences between those assigned to the different groups

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Double blind procedure

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an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo commonly used in drug evolution studies

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Placebo effect

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experimental results caused by expectations alone any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition which the recipient assumes is an active agent

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Experimental group

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in an experiment the group that is exposed to the treatment that is to one version of the (iv)

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Control group

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the group that is not exposed to the treatment contrasts with the experimental group and serves and a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

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Independent variable

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The variable that is being studied

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Dependent variable

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The outcome factor may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

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Mode

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most frequently occurring scores

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Mean

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the average of a distribution obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the # of the scores

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Median

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The middle score half scores are above it and half are below

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Range

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Difference between highest and lowest scores in a distribution

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Standard deviation

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A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

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Normal curve

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a symmetrical bell shaped cure that describes the distribution of many types of data

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Statistical significance

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A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by a chance

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Culture

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the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

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