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memory

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the persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval of information

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flashbulb memories

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clear memory of an emotionally significant event

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Atkinson and Shiffrin's three stage processing model

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suggests that we form memories through three stages.

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encoding

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the processing of information into the memory system

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storage

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the retention of encoded information over time

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retrieval

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the process of getting information out of memory storage

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sensory memory

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the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

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short-term memory

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activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as 7 digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.

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long-term memory

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the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

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working memory

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a newer understanding of short term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

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central executive processor

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coordinate auditory and visual spatial elements in working memory which allows us to process images and words simultaneously.

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automatic processing

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unconscious encoding of parietal information such as space, time, and frequency, and of well learned information, such as word meanings.

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space

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when struggling to recall information you may visualize its location

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time

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while going about your day you unintentionally note the sequence of the days events. Later, when you realize that you left your coat somewhere, you recreate the sequence of what you did that day and retrace your steps.

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frequency

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ou effortlessly keep track of how many times things happen, thus enabling you to realize "this is the 3rd time i've run into her today.

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effortful processing

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encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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Herman Ebbinghaus

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discovered that the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning. even after we learn material, additional rehearsal (over learning) increases retention.

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rehearsal

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the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

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next-in-line-effect

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when people go around a circle saying words or their names, and attempting to remember what was said by the person just before them.

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spacing effect

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the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

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serial position effect

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our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

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visual encoding

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the encoding of a picture or image

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acoustic encoding

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the encoding of sounds, especially sounds of words

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semantic encoding

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the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

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self-reference effect

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we have especially good recall for information we can relate to ourselves

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imagery

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mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.

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rosy retrospection

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the tendency to rate past events more positively than they had actually rated them when the event occurred.

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mnemonic device

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memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

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peg-word system

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involves both acoustic and visual codes in their mnemonic devices

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method of loci

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associating each place with a visual representation of the remembered topic

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chunking

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organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

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Hierarchies

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we process information by deciding it into logical levels beginning with the most general and moving to most specific.

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iconic memory

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a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photograph or picture-image lasting no longer than a few tenths of a second.

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echoic memory

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a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

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amnesia

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the loss of memory, or impairing the ability to form new memories

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implicit memory

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retention independent of conscious recollection. (procedural memory)

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explicit memory

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memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.(declarative memory)

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hippocampus

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a neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage.

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Karl Lashley

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proved memories do not reside in single, specific areas of the brain.

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long term potentiation

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an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief rapid stimulation. believed to be a nueral basis for learning and memory

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recall

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a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier. as on a fill-in-the-blank test

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recognition

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a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test.

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relearning

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a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning a material for a second time.

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priming

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the activation, often unconsciously of particular associations in memory.

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deja vu

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french for already seen, the eerie sense that i've experienced this before. cues from the current situation evoke retrieval of an earlier experience

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mood congruent

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the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.

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proactive interference

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the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. (forward acting)

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retroactive interference

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the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

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repression

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freud came up with this idea that we repress things as a defense mechanism. it is a self censoring way to forget bad experiences so we don't have to relive these traumatic experiences.

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misinformation effect

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incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.

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Elizabeth Lotfus

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has shown how eyewitnesses similarly reconstruct their memories when questioned. she studied memory construction and misinformation effect, and source amnesia

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source amnesia

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attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. at the heart of many false memories.

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infantile amnesia

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people do not reliably recall happenings of any sort from their first 3 years.

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decay

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over time memory fades.

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retrieval failure

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when you can't get the information back out of your memory storage.

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