A&P II Chapter 22 Respiratory System – Flashcards

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question
Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?
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Assists in the synthesis of vasodilators
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The upper respiratory tract extends from the nose through the _________.
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larynx
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Each alveolus is surrounded by a web of blood capillaries supplied by the _________.
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pulmonary artery
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Which of the following does not contain ciliated cells?
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larygopharynx
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What is the basic distinction between an alveolar duct and an alveolar atrium?
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their shape
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Which bronchus is about 5cm long and slightly narrower and more horizontal than the one on the opposite side?
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left main bronchus
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The heart indents into the __________ of the left lung.
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cardiac notch
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Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all of the following except the _________.
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epiglottis
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Which law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its individual gases?
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Dalton's
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In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow?
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bronchiole diameter
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The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort is the __________.
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inspiratory reserve volume
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How is the vital capacity calculated?
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Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
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Deep, rapid breathing often seen in terminal diabetes mellitus is known as what?
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Kussmaul respiration
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Tom is in respiratory arrest due to an electrical shock. Why does a good samaritan have up to 4 or 5 minutes to begin CPR and save Tom's life?
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There is a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom's blood.
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During exercise, which of the following directly increases respiratory rate?
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Anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle
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Which of the following would slow down gas exchange between the blood and alveolar air?
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an increase in membrane thickness
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The addition of CO2 to the blood generates __________ ions in the RBCs, which in turn stimulates RBCs to unload more oxygen. sodium
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hydrogen
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Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to __________ oxygen molecules.
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4
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Normally, the systemic arterial blood has a Po2 of ___________ mm Hg, a Pco2 of ___________ mm Hg, and a pH of ___________.
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95; 40; 7.4
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Which of the following enzymes in an RBC breaks H2CO3 down to water and carbon dioxide?
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carbonic anhydrase
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In one passage through a bed of systemic blood capillaries, the blood gives up about what percentage of its oxygen? 5
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20% to 25%
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Which of the following is the term for a deficiency of oxygen or the inability to utilize oxygen in a tissue?
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hypoxia
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Congestive heart failure results in which of the following?
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ischemic hypoxia
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Which of the following is a lung disease marked by a reduced number of cilia, reduced motility of the remaining cilia, goblet cell hypertrophy and hypersecretion, and thick sputum?
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chronic bronchitis
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Which of the following would lead to anemic hypoxia?
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sickle-cell disease
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In which condition are the lungs infected with Mycobacterium and produce fibrous nodules around the bacteria, leading to progressive pulmonary fibrosis?
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tuberclosis
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Which malignancy originates in the lamina propria of the bronchi?
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adenocarcinoma
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Polio can sometimes damage the brainstem respiratory centers and result in which condition?
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Ondine's curse
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Scuba divers breathe a nitrogen-oxygen mixture rather than pure compressed oxygen in order to avoid what condition?
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Oxygen toxicity
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Nitrogen bubbles can form in the blood and other tissues when a scuba diver ascends too rapidly, producing a syndrome called _________.
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decompression sickness
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The vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves carry afferent signals from peripheral chemoreceptors to a chemosensitive area in the ___________.
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medulla oblongata
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Mucus plays an important role in cleansing inhaled air. It is produced by __________ of the respiratory tract.
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goblet cells
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The blood transports more CO2 in the form of ___________ than in any other form.
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bicarbonate ions
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Among its other purposes, how is the Valsalva maneuver used?
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To aid in defecation and urination
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Blood banks dispose of blood that has low levels of bisphosphoglycerate. What would be the probable reason for doing so?
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Erythrocytes low in BPG do not unload O2 very well.
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Your breathing rate is 12 breaths/minute; your tidal volume is 500 mL; your vital capacity is 4700 mL; and your dead air space is 150 mL. Your alveolar ventilation rate is __________ mL/min.
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4,200
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Your breathing rate is 14 breaths/minute; spirometric measurements reveal your tidal volume is 500 mL; your inspiratory reserve volume is 3000 mL; and your expiratory reserve volume is 1,200 mL. Your vital capacity is __________ mL.
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4,700
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Respiratory arrest is an irreversible condition.
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False
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Breathing is controlled solely by the medulla oblongata and pons.
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False
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The rate of oxygen diffusion is affected by the pressure gradient of carbon dioxide.
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False
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Gas transport is the process of carrying gases from the alveoli to the systemic tissues and vice versa.
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True
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According to the Bohr effect, a low level of oxyhemoglobin enables the blood to transport more CO2.
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False
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Hemoglobin releases the same amount of oxygen to all the tissues regardless of variations in their metabolic rate.
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False
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Output from higher brain centers can bypass both the DRG and VRG and go directly to __________, which controls the accessory muscles of respiration.
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spinal integration centers
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Which of the following issues output to the VRG to adjust the respiratory rhythm?
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DRG
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Which center bears the primary responsibility for generating the respiratory rhythm, but is influenced by several other centers?
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VRG
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The pH of the cerebrospinal fluid is monitored by which of these brainstem centers?
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Central chemoreceptors
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Emotional states are integrated by the __________, which generates an output that creates such respiratory variations as laughing and crying.
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PRG
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If one inspires through their nose, which of the following answers has the correct order of structures the air would move through?
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Nares β†’ Nasal Cavity β†’ Vestibule β†’ Nasopharynx β†’ Oropharynx β†’ Laryngopharynx β†’ Larynx β†’ Trachea β†’ Primary Bronchus β†’ Secondary Bronchus β†’ Tertiary Bronchus β†’ Bronchiole β†’ Terminal Bronchiole β†’ Respiratory Bronchiole β†’ Alveolar Duct β†’ Alveolar Sac β†’ Alveolus
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Upon inspiration, what is the name of the air in the conducting division that is not available for gas exchange?
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anatomical dead space
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The anatomical dead space is greatest in which of the following situations?
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After swerving to narrowly avoid an accident while driving
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Air consists of about 78.6% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and 0.5% water. At sea level, (760 mmHg) what is the PCO2?
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0.3 mm Hg
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Which law states that the total atmospheric pressure is a sum of the contributions of the individual gases?
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Dalton's
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Conditions around metabolically active tissues do what to the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
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shift it right
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Hypocapnia will lead to which of the following conditions?
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Hypoventilation due to alkalosis
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What is the least common but most dangerous form of lung cancer?
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Small-cell carcinoma
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