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Agglomeration

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A process involving the clustering or concentrating of people or activities. The term often refers to manufacturing plants and businesses that benefit from close proximity because they share skilled-labor pools and technological and financial amenities.

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Barriadas

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Squatter settlements found in the periphery of Latin American cities.( Squatter Settlement in Latin America)

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Bid-rent Theory

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geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.

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Blockbusting

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A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood.

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CBD (Central Business District)

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The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered.

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Census Tract

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An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; (in Urban Areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods).

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Centrality

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The strength of an urban center in its capacity to attract produce and consumers to its facilities; a city's "reach" into the surrounding region.

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Centralization'

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A decision making process where all business decisions of lower types of management and policies regarding lower level employees are made from a few higher ranking officials in the company.

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Central-place Theory

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A theory that explains the distribution of services based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; (larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther).

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Walter Christaller

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German geographer, who first proposed Central Place Theory in the 1930s, based on his studies of southern Germany.

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City

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An urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit.

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Cityscapes

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similar to a landscape, yet of a city (often show the city's skyline, which is the CBD).

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Colonial City

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a city that was deliberately established or developed as an administrative or commercial center by colonial or imperial powers.

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Commercialization'

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Introducing a new product into the market.

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Commuter Zone

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Beyond the continous built-up area of the city. (Some people who work in the CBD nonetheless choose to live in small villages that have become dormity towns for commuters).

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Concentric Zone Model

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A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings. (First model to explain the distribution of different social groups within urban areas).

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Counterurbanization

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Net migration from Urban to Rural areas in more developed countries.

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Decentralization

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Degree to which decision-making authority is given to lower levels in an organization's hierarchy.

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Deindustrialization

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process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment. (Loss of industrial activity in a region)

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Early Cities

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Cities of the ancient world (-3500 to -1200) (We learned about how agriculture and language began in this era).

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Economic Base (basic/nonbasic)

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A community's collection of basic industries.

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Edge City

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A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an Urban Area.

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Emerging Cities

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a city currently without much population but is increasing in size at a fast rate.

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Employment Structure

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How the workforce is divided up between the 3 main employment sectors: primary, secondary and tertiary.

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Entrepot

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A city and port that specializes in transshipment of goods.

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Ethnic Neighborhood

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An area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background.

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Favela

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A squatter settlement in Latin America.

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Female-Headed Household

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a household dominated by a women.

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Festival Landscape

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a space within an urban environment that can accommodate a large number of people. (a landscape of cultural festivities)

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Gateway City

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a city that serves as a link between one country or region and others because of its physical situation.

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Gender

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A socially and culturally constructed set of distinctions between masculine and feminine sets of behaviors that is promoted and expected by society.

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Gentrification

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A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income, renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class, owner-occupied area.

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Ghetto (:

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During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabitated only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure.

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Globalization

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Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

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Great Cities

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Cities with a population of more than 1 million.

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High-Tech Corridors

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Areas along or near major transportation arteries that are devoted to the research, development, and sale of technology products. (Silicon Valley is an example.)

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Hinterland

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a remote and undeveloped area.

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Hydraulic Civilization

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a civilization based on large-scale irrigation.

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Indigenous City

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a center of population, commerce, and culture that is native to a country.

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In-Filling

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The use of vacant land and property within a built-up area for further construction or development, especially as part of a neighborhood preservation or limited growth program.

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Informal Sector

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An economy outside government control in which employees work without contracts or benefits.

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Infrastructure'

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The stock of basic facilities and capital equipment needed for the functioning of a country or area.

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Inner City

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urban area around the CBD; typically poorer and more run down in the US and other long-developed states; typically more rich upscale in less-developed states.

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Invasion and Succession

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Process by which new immigrants to a city move to and dominate or take over areas or neighborhoods occupied by older immigrant groups.

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Lateral Commuting

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commuting that occurs between suburban areas rather than towards the central city.

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Medieval Cities

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Cities that developed in Europe during the Medieval Period and that contain such unique features as extreme density of development with narrow buildings and winding streets, an ornate church that prominently marks the city center, and high walls surrounding the city center that provided defense against attack.

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Megacities

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Cities with 10 million or more residents.

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Megapolis/ Conurbanization

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A continous Urban complex in the northeastern United States.

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Metropolitan Area

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A major population center made up of a large city and the smaller suburbs and towns that surround it. (A major city and its surrounding suburbs).

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Multiple Nuclei Model

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A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.

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Multiplier Effect

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An effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent.

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Neighborhood

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A place where people live and work together. (El Barrio)

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Office Park

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A cluster of office bulidings, usually located along an interstate, often forming the nucleus of an edge city.

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Peak Land Value Intersection

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Large department stores in the CBD would cluster near one intersection, which was known as the "100 percent corner." (Rents were highest there because that location had the highest accessibility for the most customers).

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Planned Communities

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A city built to a definite plan.

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Postindustrial City

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a city in which global finances and the electronic flow of information dominate the economy.

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Postmodern Urban Landscape

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Attempts to reconnect people to place through its architecture, the preservation of historical buildings, the re-emergence of mixed land uses and connections among developments.

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Primate City

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The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.

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Racial Steering

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Real estate agents advising customers to purchase homes in neighborhoods depending on their race.

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Rank-size Rule

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A pattern of settlements in a country such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.

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Redlining

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A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.

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Restricitive Covenants

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a promise not to compete.

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Sector Model

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A model of the internal stucture of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district.

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Segregation

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Legal separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences

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Settlement Form

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The spatial arrangements of buildings, roads, towns and other features that people construct while inhabiting an area.

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Nucleated Settlement Form

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a settlement clustered around a central point, such as a village green or church.

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Dispersed Settlement Form

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A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.

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Elongated Settlement Form

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a settlement that is clustered linearly along a street, river, etc.

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Shopping Mall

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Mercantile establishment consisting of a carefully landscaped complex of shops representing leading merchandisers.

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Site/ Situation

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The physical character of a place/ The location of a place relative to another place.

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Slum

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a squalid and overcrowded urban street or district inhabited by very poor people.

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Social Structure

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A pattern of organized relationships among groups of people within a society, A pattern of organized relationships among groups of people within a society

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Specialization'

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A situation that occurs when individuals or busnesses concentrate their efforts in the areas in white they have an advantage for increased productivity and profit

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Squatter Settlement

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An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.

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Street Pattern

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type of city plan in which streets run at right angles to each other, forming a grid.

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Grid Street Pattern

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An arrangement of streets that intersect at right angles.

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Dendritic Street Pattern

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street pattern characterized by fewer streets organized into a hierarchy based on the amount of traffic each is intended to carry--they form the "loop" or "lollipop" typical of urban sprawl neighborhoods., street pattern characterized by fewer streets organized into a hierarchy based on the amount of traffic each is intended to carry--they form the "loop" or "lollipop" typical of urban sprawl neighborhoods.

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Access Street Pattern

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provides access to a subdivision, housing project or highway

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Control Street Pattern

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street that controls access (toll roads, etc)

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Suburb

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A residential district located on the outskirts of a city.

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Suburbanization

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Movement of upper and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions (perceived and actual). In North America, the process began in the early nineteenth century and became a mass phenomenon by the second half of the twentieth century.

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Symbolic Landscape

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smaller landscapes that symbolize a bigger area or category. iconic landscapes, i.e. the state capitol symbolizes WI. every landscape can symbolize something, but these are focal points for people's attention

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Tenement

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A building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety

AP Human Geography Vocabulary Unit 7 – Flashcards

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