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agriculture

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the deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for subsistence or economic grain

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aquaculture

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the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic plants

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sustainability

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a method of harvesting or using a resource so that the resource is not depleted or permanently damaged

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animal domestication

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altering the behaviors, size and genetics of animals to benefit humans

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second agricultural revolution

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Began in W. Europe in 1600s; intensified agriculture by promoting higher yields per acre/ perfarmer

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crop rotation

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the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil

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truck farm

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farms that produce high consumer demand products and either trucks them to market or to processing plants

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Third Agricultural Revolution

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began in mid 1950'2; modern farming that refers to the industrialized production of livestock and crops

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biotechnology

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the use of genetically altered crops and DNA manipulation in order to increase production

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agribusiness

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the system of agriculture found in developed countries

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organic agriculture

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crops that are grown without fertilizers and pesticides

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vegetative planting

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the reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants, such as cutting stems and dividing roots

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seed agriculture

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the reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds ; practiced by most farmers

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subsistence agriculture

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the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family; found in LDC's

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commercial agriculture

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farmers and ranchers sell all of their output for money and buy their families' food at stores

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intensive agriculture

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yields a large amount of output per acre through concentrated farming (uses a small amount of land)

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extensive agriculture

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yields a large amount of output per acre through less intensive farming (uses a large amount of land)

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intensive subsistence agriculture

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a form of subsistence agriculture where farmers expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum crop yield

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extensive subsistence agriculture

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a form of subsistnece agriculture that involves large areas of land with minimal labor

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plant domestication

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altering the behaviors, size and genetics of plants to benefit humans

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slash-and- burn

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farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris

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swidden

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an area cleared for farming using the slash and burn technique

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shifting cultivation

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a form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift crop activity from one field to another

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Neolithic Revolution/First agricultural revolution

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time period when society went from hunters and gathers to farming and domestication of animals, 10,000 BCE

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pastoral nomadism

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a form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals (sheep, goats, cows, etc)

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wet rice

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the practice pf planting rice on dry land in a nursery and then moving it to a flooded field to promote growth

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double cropping

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a type of intensive agriculture where two crops are harvested in the same field a year

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hunting and gathering

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the capturing and killing of animals and the knowledge and collection of edible plants and food of early humans

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Carl Sauer

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Carl O. (the geographer), believed that the hearth of vegetative planting was Southeast Asia, believed vegetative planting came before seed agriculture

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plantation

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a form of commercial agriculture, it is a large farm that specializes in one or two crops

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cereal grains

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a grass such a oats, wheat, rye or barkey used as food

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milkshed

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the ring around a city from which fresh milk can be supplied without spoiling

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Columbian Exchange

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it began in late 15 and 16 century ,where products were carried both ways across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans during colonization

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The Enclosure Movement

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England 1700s; the fencing or hedging of large blocks of land for farming

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erosion

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the natural process by which material is worn away from the earth's surface; usually by wind, water, or ice

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mixed crop and livestock farming

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farmers grow crops and raise livestock on the same land with most of the crops fed to the animals rather than people

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patriarchal system

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a society in which men controlled the holding power in the family, the economy, and the government

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horticulture

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the growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers for human consumption

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Johann von Thunen

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a german farmer who created a model for rural land use

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ridge tillage (intertillage)

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a system of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote soil conservation

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desertification

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degradation of land because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting in semi arid land. excessive water is in south america and asia

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seed drill

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a machine that more effectively planed seeds

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Green Revolution

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began in 1970's; the use of higher yield seeds and expanded use of fertilizers primary- raw materials ( agriculture) secondary- take the raw materials and produce something ( manufacture) teritary- to provide a service

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norman Bourlaug

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He created the green revolution, he saved Mexico in 1960 from lack wheat He saved india and pakistan in 1960 from lack of rice

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market gardening

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a farm where people grow products that will be sold in a market

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adaptive strategies

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the idea that humans can adapt their agricultural practices to the needs of the society or the environment

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collective farm

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farm or group of farms organized as a unit and managed and worker by a group of laborers under state supervision; communist countries

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dairying

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branch of agriculture that deals with the breeding, raising, and utilization of dairy animals and the selling of their products

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staple grains

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a principal raw material or commodity grown or produced in a region

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forestry

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the art and science of cultivating, maintaining, and developing forest

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ranching

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the commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area

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specialization

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the growth of specialized crops

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suitcase farm

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when someone owns and operates a farm, but lives somewhere else; usually a crops only farm

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Ester Boserup

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based on the observation that population increases, necessitate increased inputs of labor and technology to compensate for reduction in the natural yeilds of swidden farming. population growth forces an increased use of technology in farming, switches from extensive to intensive agriculture.

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Intensive Subsistence (Rice)

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Humid low and warm latitude, flat lands, terracing, flooding, double cropping. Subsistence, intensive, labor intensive, sedentary, communal, nucleated settlements, irrigated.

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Mixed Crop ; Livestock Farming

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Warm mid latitude, rotation of corn and soybeans. Commercial, intensive, irrigated, large corporate owned tracts of land, capital intensive, sedentary.

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Mediterranean Agriculture

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Warm mid latitude, west coasts of continent, dry summer, wet winter, fruits, veggies, grapes, olives, wine, chick peas, live stock production less.

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plantation farming

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Humid low latitude, colonization, cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber, tobacco, coca, jute, bananas, tea, coconuts. Commercial intensive, capital intensive, sedentary, irrigated, large tracks of corporation land.

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Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming

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Warm and mid latitude, human climate. Truck farming, fruits, vegetables, fresh or frozen, specialty farming, salmon, saffron. Commercial, intensive, human intensive, sedentary, irrigated.

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Pastoral Nomadism

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Dry climates, animals, milk, meat, hides, hair, camels, goats, sheep, horse. Subsistence, extensive, labor intensive, nomadic, no irrigation, tribe family groups

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Dairy Farming

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cold climate, close to urban centers, various types of dairy products. Commercial, intensive, capital intensive, sedentary, irrigated, landholding by corporations.

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grain farming

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Dry climates, clustered in regions, wheat belts. Commercial, intensive, sedentary, irrigated, large tracts of corporate owned land.

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livestock ranching

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Semi arid and arid, open range vs. fixed location. Breeding, Dust Bowl, lack of fertile soil, commercial, extensive, capital intensive, sedentary, irrigated, large tracts of corporate owned land.

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Intensive Subsistence (non Rice)

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Wheat, bailey, oats, milet, corn, soybeans, crop rotation. Subsistence, intensive, labor intensive, sedentary, irrigated, nucleated settlements.

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Shifting Cultivation

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Tropics. Cycles of planting (swidden, slash ; burn), hand tools, rice, maize, millet, Intertillage + multicropping. Subsistence, extensive, labor intensive, nomadic sedentary, non irrigated, communal.

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interillage

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the growing of various types of crops

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metes and bounds

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physical landmarks like trees and rivers to show boundaries. problem; boundaries move over time found east of the Appalachians

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French long lots

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-pre dated PLSS -divides land into narrow parcels that extends from rivers, roads or canals. - commonly found in quebec , texas and Lousiana

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spanish land grants

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- uses physical features - land that is issued by goverment that is no longer in control of that land

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township and range

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- based on longitude and latitude - used in all the USA staes except the 13 colonies and the southwest( spanish land grants) -it is 640 acres in 1862 the homestead law passed (- earn a land title without paying for the land. - live on land for 5 years -build a home on land' - engage in agricultural enterprise)

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GMOS

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Genetically modified food (or GM food) is food produced from plants or animals whose DNA has been altered through genetic engineering. . Genetically modified foods have been on the U.S. market since 1994, ever since the introduction of "Flavr Savr" tomatoes that had been engineered to ripen more slowly. 75% in USA is GMO 50% in the world is GMO Africa; adv.: higher yeilds, increased nutrients, more reistance to pestiscides, better tasting dis.; health problems, export problems in europe, increased dependence on USA

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origins and diffusion of of vegetative planting

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The first vegetative planting diffused from the Southeast Asian hearth: northward and eastward to China and Japan. westward through India, Southwest Asia, tropical Africa, and the area around the Mediterranean Sea. West Africa: palm trees and yams Northwestern South America: manioc, sweet potatoes, and arrowroot

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origins of seed agriculture

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Three hearths: western India, northern China, and Ethiopia Origin of crops in W hemisphere Southern Mexico: squash and maize (corn) Peru: beans, cotton, squash Southwest Asia domesticated cereal crops such as wheat, barley & oats-10,000 years ago MesoAmerica-maize (corn), squash & beans Africa-millet, sorghum, watermelons

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strategies to increase the worlds food supply and challenges

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strategies: -increasing exports from countries with surpluses - expanding the land area used for agriculture - expanding the fishing -increasing the productivity of land now used for agriculture challenges: - not enough land to expand -dependence on other countries - overfishing

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subsistence crops

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The principal subsistence crops are the staple crops like rice, corn, root and tuber crops and sometimes rice.

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biofuels pro and cons

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pro: the cost is less easily renewable less dependence on foreign aid con: require greater quantities to be consumed in order to produce the same energy level. uses up valuable crop land to grow fuel crops

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grain production in USA

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the us corn belt is from ohio to dakota and mainly in Iowa. They also have alot of soybeans. The cattle and beef is mainly in the south and texas. USA produces half of the worlds corn. The USA bread basket for wheat is north and south dakota, kansas, nebraska, iowa, missouri.

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agricultural consumption

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cocaine: columbia , peru, bolivia heroin(opium): Afghanistan marijuana(mexico)

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