AP Human Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary – Flashcards
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Acid rain
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A by-product of air pollution that forms when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels
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agglomeration
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Cluster
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break-of-bulk
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The transfer of cargo from one type of carrier to another
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bulk-reducing industries, bulk-gaining industries
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Industries that either produces products that are less than the input (bulk-reducing) or products that are more than the input (bulk-gaining)
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capitalist world economy
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A global economic system that is based in high-income nations with market economies
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compressed modernity
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The process of rapid economic and political change that transformed the country into a stable nation with democratizing political institutions, a growing economy, and an expanding web of nongovernmental institutions
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conglomerate corporations
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Corporations that comprise of many smaller firms that support the overall industry
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deglomeration
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The exodus of businesses from a crowded area
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deindustrialization
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The phenomenon in which manufacturing jobs has decreased in MDCs for tertiary sector jobs
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dependency theory
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An analysis that put primary responsibility for global poverty on rich nations, as resources of LDCs are controlled by industrialized countries
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distance decay
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The idea/likelihood of industries serving closer markets rather than those far away
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economic development
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The process of improving the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology
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economic geography
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A discipline that studies the impact of economic activities on the landscape and investigates reasons behind the locations of economic activities
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export-oriented industrialization
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Concentrating on economic production to find a place in international markets
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footloose industry
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An industry where transportation does not really matter (a negligible part of their total costs), such as computers
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friction of distance
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The idea that the farther the distance of transport, the higher the cost, and eventually to the point too great for practical transportation
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fossil fuels
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The residues of plants and animals that were buried millions of years ago and cannot be replaced as the process takes millions of years
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global warming
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The increase in earth's temperature caused primarily by the burning of fossil fuels
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GDP, GDP per capita
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The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country during a year
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greenhouse effect
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An anticipated warming of earth's surface that could melt the polar icecaps and raise the level of the oceans enough to destroy coastal cities
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industrialization
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The process by which economic activities on the earth's surface evolved from producing basic, primary goods to using factories for mass-producing goods for consumption
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Industrial Revolution
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The process of increased secondary economic activities in the late 18th century
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Infrastructure
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The services that support economic activities
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international division of labor
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A division of labor between countries so that some components of a product are made in one country and others in another
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Kanto Plain
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Japan's dominant region of industrialization that includes Tokyo and other nearby cities and suburbs that form a huge metropolitan area
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labor intensive industries
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industries that requires a lot of labor, such as fiber-spinning, weaving, or cutting and sewing of fabric into clothing
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location theory
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explains the locational pattern of economic activities by identifying factors that influence this pattern
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locational interdependence theory
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the influence on a firm's locational decision by locations chosen by its competitors
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maquiladora district
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a manufacturing zone created in the 1960s just south of United States' border with Mexico for producing goods for consumers in the U.S.
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Meiji Restoration
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a remarkable government-sponsored campaign for modernization and colonization
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modernization model
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also westernization model; states that countries have to follow in the footsteps of Britain to develop that emphasizes on individualism
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more developed country, less developed country
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countries that has experienced industrialization can be called MDCs, and vice versa
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NAFTA
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North American Free Trade Agreement signed in 1995 by Mexico, U.S., and Canada to eliminate barriers to free trade
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new international division of labor
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the selective transfer of some jobs to LDCs and skilled jobs in MDCs
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newly industrializing country
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a subcategory between MDCs and LDCs as quickly developing country such as most of Asia and parts of Latin America
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Northeast District (China)
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China's earliest industrial heartland in Manchuria near coal and iron deposits near Shenyang
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Oligarchs (Japan)
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industrial and military leaders that came to political power
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Pacific Rim
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countries that border the Pacific Ocean on their eastern shores
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post-industrial societies
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countries where most people are no longer employed in industry
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primary economic activities, primary sector
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ex. Agriculture; activities directly extracts products from the earth
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primary industry, secondary industry
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primary industry is more dependent (near) natural resources, secondary industry less dependent on resource location
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proven reserve, potential reserve
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energy deposits that have been discovered; energy deposits that are thought to exist (undiscovered)
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quaternary sector
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often seen as subset of tertiary sector that includes service jobs concerned with research and development, management and administration, and processing and disseminating information
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Rostow, W.W., Rostow's stages
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1) Traditional stage, 2) Take-of stage, 3) Drive to technological maturity, 4) High mass consumption (modernization)
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secondary economic activities, secondary sector
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activities that transform raw materials into usable products
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secondary industrial region
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lies south of world's primary industrial regions; one is Southeast Asia, another is northern Africa single market manufacturers
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single market manufacturers
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manufacturers that produce goods for one type of market or one market location
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site factors
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factors of varying costs of land, labor, and capital that are particular to a geographic location
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social development
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developments in health-care and education, such as literacy rates and access to formal education
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space-time compression
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describes the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation systems
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Special Economic Zones
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government-designated areas where foreign investment is allowed and capitalistic ventures are encouraged
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substitution principle
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a principle that suggests that business owners can juggle expenses, as long as labor, land rents, transportation, and other costs don't all go up at one time
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sustainable development
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the idea that people living today should not impair the ability of future generations to meet their needs
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tertiary sector
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the part of the economy that involves services rather than goods
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trading blocs
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conglomerations of trade among countries within a region
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transnational corporations
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companies that operate factories in countries other than the ones in which they are headquartered
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value added productivity
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in manufacturing, value added = gross value (or sold value) - costs of raw materials and energy
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variable revenue analysis
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the firm's ability to capture a market that will earn it more customers and money than its competitors
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Wallerstein, Emanuel
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a geographer who explained economic development in 1974 using a model of the capitalist world economy; dependency theory
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Watt, James
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the inventor of the steam engine that started the Industrial Revolution
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Weber, Alfred
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created the least cost theory for location of secondary industries
