AP Human Geography- Unit 5, Part 2 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Maquiladoras
answer
special economic zone on Mexico's northern border with the United States
question
Industrial Revolution
answer
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
question
Commodity Chain
answer
series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market.
question
Ford Production (Fordist) Method
answer
manufacturing process broken down into differentiated components, with different groups of people performing different tasks to complete the product.
question
Post Fordist
answer
World economic system characterized by a more flexible set of production practices in which goods are not mass produced; instead, production has been accelerated and dispersed around the globe by multinational companies that shift production, outsourcing it around the world and bringing places closer together in time and space than would have been imaginable at the beginning of the 20th century
question
Alfred Weber's Least Cost Theory
answer
Model developed by Alfred Weber according to which the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration
question
Situation Factors
answer
Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.
question
Site Factors
answer
Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital
question
Spatially Variable Costs
answer
Costs that vary or change depending on the location of an industrial activity.
question
Spatially Fixed Costs
answer
Costs that remain the same no matter where a business chooses to locate.
question
Bulk Reducing Industry
answer
An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs
question
Bulk Gaining Industry
answer
An industry in which the final product weighs more or has a greater volume than the inputs.
question
Break of Bulk Point
answer
A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another. i.e. a steel mill near the port of Baltimore receives iron ore by ship from South AMerica and coal by train from Appalachia.
question
Material Orientation
answer
The tendency of an economic activity to locate near or at its source of raw material; this is experienced when material costs are highly variable spatially and/or represent a significant share of total costs
question
Market Orientation
answer
The tendency of an economic activity to locate close to its market; a reflection of large and variable distribution costs
question
Footloose Industries
answer
Industries that are able to shift the location of their facilities in order to take advantage of cheap labor.
question
Substitution Principle
answer
Principle that maintains that the correct location of a production facility is where the net profit is the greatest. Therefore in industry, there is a tendency to substitute one factor of production (e.g., labor) for another (e.g., capital for automated equipment) in order to achieve optimum plant location.
question
Labor-Intensive Industry
answer
An industry for which labor costs represent a large proportion of total production costs.
question
Agglomeration
answer
A snowballing geographical process by which secondary and service industrial activities become clustered in cities and compact industrial regions in order to share infrastructure and markets.
question
Agglomeration Economy
answer
AKA - External Economies Positive effects of agglomeration for clustered industries and for the consumers of their products, often in the form of lower costs to industries and the consumers.
question
High Tech Corridor
answer
Areas along or near major transportation arteries that are devoted to the research, development and sale of high-technology products. These areas develop because of the networking and synergistic advantages of concentrating high-tchnology enterprises in close proximity to one another. "Silicon Valley" is a prime example.
question
Technopole
answer
A center of high-tech manufacturing and information-based industry.
question
Backwash Effect
answer
Occurs when other regions suffer a drain of resources and talent due to agglomeration in another region.
question
Locational Interdependence
answer
Theory developed by economist Harold Hotelling that suggests competitors, in trying to maximize sales, will seek to constrain each other's territory as much as possible which will therefore lead them to locate adjacent to one another in the middle of their collective customer base.
question
Deglomeration
answer
The process of industrial deconcentration in response to technological advances and/or increasing costs due to congestion and competition.
question
Deindustrialization
answer
The decline of primary and secondary industry, accompanied by a rise of the service sectors of the industrial economy.
question
Cottage Industry
answer
A traditional type of manufacturing in the pre-industrial revolution era, practiced on a small scale in individual households as a part-time occupation and designed to produce handmade goods for local consumption.
question
Guild Industry
answer
A traditional type of manufacturing in the pre-industrial revolution era, involving handmade goods of high quality manufactured by highly skilled artisans who resided in towns and cities.
question
Right to Work Laws
answer
Laws preventing a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment.
question
New International Division of Labor
answer
Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low paid, less skilled workers, from more developed countries to less developed countries.
question
Structural Adjustments
answer
Stipulations that require the country receiving an international loan to make economic changes in order to use the loan
question
Privatization
answer
To change from government or public ownership or control to private ownership or control.
question
Non Government Organizations (NGOs)
answer
Organization not run by a government but by a charity or private organization that supplies resources and money to local businesses and causes advancing economic and human development.
question
Outsourcing
answer
The physical separation of some economic activities from the main production facility, usually for the purpose of employing cheaper labor.
