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Adaptive Strategies

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Describes a society's system of economic production -helps explain some of the differences between societies that are influenced by economy.

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Agrarian

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People or societies that are farmers therefore promote agricultural interest ext. -Where agrarian people and societies are located is not generally near cities ext. but these types of people are essential to the way that we live and our ability to live in cities.

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Agribusiness

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Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-proccessing industry, usually throughownership by large corporations. -It influences how things are grown and what people eat.

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Agricultural Industrialization

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The use of machinery in agriculture, like tractors etc -Makes it a lot faster for mfarmers to yield crop.

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Agricultural landscape

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The land that we farm on and what we choose to put were on our fields. -Effects how much yield one gets from their plants.

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Agricultural location model

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a model designed by Von Thunen, that depending on the cost of transportation and the value of hte product, different types of farming are conducted at different distances from a city. Site or human factors were not considered in this model. -when deciding whree to locate a farm, a farmermust take into consideration how much it costs to ransport their product. Location of farm affects what a farmer will produce (if in rural area farmer is less likely to grow highly perishable and bulky products)

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Agricultural origins

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Through time nomadic people noticed the growing of plants in a cycle and began to domesticate them and use for there own use. Carl Sauer points out vegetativve planting likely was roginated in SE Asia and seed agriculture originated in W. India, N. China and Ethiopia. -Without the development of agriculture we would still ahve a relatively small and likely uneducated population

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Agriculture

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The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and hte raising of livestock for subsistence or economic gain. It has influenced the growth of areas and human society.

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Animal Domestication

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Domestication of animals for selling or using by products. -Helped us obtain meat with out having to go out and kill our food right before dinner.

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Aquaculture

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The cultivation of aquatic organisms especially for food. -Allowed us to use the sea and its abundant sources of food for our benefit.

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Biorevolution

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The revolution of biotechnology and the use of it in societies. -Has allowed us to revolutionize our societies

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Biotechnology

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Using living organisms in a useful way to produce commercial products like pest resistant crops. -Has helped the farmers grow a more bountiful harvest through the using of pesticides etc.

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Collective farm

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an agricultural production unit including a number of farm households or villages working together under state control. -a type of farming that certain countries use that influences the amount of food produced and sold

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Commercial agriculture (initensive,extensive)

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Ariculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the ffarm. Two types: intensive(ex: terracing in South Asia) and extensive (ex: farming in Southern MN)

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Core/Periphery

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The areas in the world that include MDC's are called the core and the area of the world that contains the LDC's is referred to as the periphery. -allowed us to divide the world and describe it more easily.

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Crop Rotation

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The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil. -Takes up large areas of land but keepsland usable for future generations.

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Cultivation Regions

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Regions where there is agricultural activity -Areas with agricultural activity generally are not a place where a big city would be located-affects location sof different areas.

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Dairying

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The farming and sale/distribution of milk and milk products. -gets is calcium, allows for people to move to the city because there is a way of getting milk or milk products.

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Debt-for-nature swap

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When agencies such as the World Bank make a deal with third world countries that they will cancel their debt if the ocuntry will set aside a certain amount of their natural resources. -affects how and how much countries use their resources, also the money given to the countries helps them energize their economies.

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Diffusion

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The process or spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time. -this is how everything is spread around the world.

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Double cropping

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Harvesting twice a year from the same land -Can cause agricultural exhaustion making people move away from the land.

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Primary Economic Avtivity

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Involves jobs like lumber and mining

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Secondary Economic Activity

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Manufacturing products and assembling raw materials

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Tertiary Economic Activity

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the service sector that provides us with transportation, communication and utilities

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Quaternary Economic Activity

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the service sector dedicated to jobs such as trade, insurance, banking, advertising and wholesaling.

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Quinary Economic Activity

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the service sector dedicated to health, education, research, government, retailing, tourism and recreation. -All of these jobs are necessary in the world

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Enviornmental modicfication (Pesticides, soil erosion, desertification)

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The destruction of the environment for the purpose of farming (Using pesticides that drain in to the water and soil and pollute them overuse of land causing the desert like condition sof desertifciation (dust bowl) -Doing harm to the enviornment through pesticides and causing desertification have horrible long term effects on humans and their future.

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Extensive subsistence agriculture (pesticides shifting cultivation(slash and burn, milpa, swidden)

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Use many fields for crop growing each field is used for a couple of years then left fallow for a relatively long time.

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Nomadic Herding/Pastorilism

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Based on herding domesticated animals -Effect the way that some in the world to live and where they fall in demographic transition

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Extractive Industry

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the extractive industry is made up of mining, quarrying, dredging, oil and gas extration industries.

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Farm Crisis

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Any disaster or occurence that interupts a farming season and hurts the farms profits for that time.

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Farming

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The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and hte raising of livestock for subsistence or economic gain. It has influenced the growth of areas and human society.

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Feedlot

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a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market -Essential to how we live and eat todya-necessity for most people's diets.

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First Agricultural revolution

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Around 8000 B.,C. when humans first domesticated plants and animals. -This allowed for future generations to grow larger because they no longer wwere just a hunter gatherer society.

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Fishing

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The technique, occupation, or diversion of catching fish. Fishing provides a food source and employment to society.

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Food Chain

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A series of organisms interrealted in their feeding habits, the smallest being fed upon by a larger one, which in turn feeds a still larger one, ect.

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Forestry

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The science of planting and taking care of trees and forests. Trees provide building materials and fuel ot society.

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Globalized agriculture

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Diffusion of agriculture across the globe

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Green Revolution

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Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizer. Because of it, aricultural productivity at a global scale has increased faster than the population.

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Growing Season

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The season in which crops grow best. Growing season can vary by location, societies rely on their growing season to which crops they can or can't grow at their latitude

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Hunting and Gathering

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Before the agriculture, humans gained food by hunting for animals, fishing, or gathering plants. They lived in small groups (less than 50 people) traveled frequently following game and seasonal growth of plants.

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Intensive subsistence agriculture;

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a form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasibly yield from a prcel of land. Popular because the ration between farmers and arable land is so high, most of the work is done by the family by hand or by animal with processes refined ovre thousands of years.

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Intertillage

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Tillage between rows of crops of plants

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Livestock ranching

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commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area. Practiced is semi-arid or arid land, where vegetation is too sparse or the soil to poor to support crops. Prominent in later 19th century in the American West; ranchers free roamed throughout the West, until the U.S. government began selling land to farmers who outlined their farms with barbed wire, forcing the ranchers to establish large ranches to allow their cattle to graze.

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Market Gardening

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The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers. Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually.

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Mediterranean Agriculture.

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specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry summer Mediterranean climate prevails (grapes, olives, figs, citrus, fruits, dates, et al0

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Mineral Fuels

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(fossil fuel) natural resources containing hydrocarbons, which are not derived from animal or plant sources

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Mining

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the excavation of the earth for the purpose of extracting ore or minerals

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Planned Economy

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An agricultural economy found in communist nations in which the government controls both agricultural production and distribution.

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Plant Domestication

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genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention

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Plantation Agriculture

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Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Almost all plantations were established within the tropics; in recent decades, many have been divided into smaller holdings or reorganized as cooperatives

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Renewable Resources

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minerals that can be used and replaced over a relatively short time period; ex: trees, beans, bananas, sugar, tea

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Nonrenewable Resources

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resources that cannot be replaced in a short amount of time, people will use them up before they can be replaced by nature Ex. Fossil Fuels

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Dispersed Rural Settlement

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rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages

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Nucleated Rural Settlement

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a clustered village pattern

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Building Material Rural Settlement

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houses and buildings are typically built from materials that are abundant in the area, whatever they can find in their surroundings

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Village Form Rural Settlement

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a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings (Blake Dial)

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Sauer, Carl O.

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defined cultural landscape, as an area fashioned from nature by a cultural group. A combination of cultural features such as language and religion; economic features such as agriculture and industry; and physical features such as climate and vegetation. "Culture is the agent, the natural area is the medium, the cultural landscape is the result."

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Second Agricultural Revolution

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Precursor to Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, that allowed a shift in work force beyond subsistence farming to allow labor to work in factories. Started in UK, Netherlands, and Denmark, especially with the Enclosure Act, which consolidated land in Great Britain. Poratoes and corn diffused from Americas to Europe, and other resources followed from colonial pssessions to Europe, and other resources followed from colonial possessions to Europe.

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Specialization

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Third level of cities (behind World Cities, and Command and Control Centers), offer a narrow and highly specialized variety of services. Typically specialize in management, research and devolopment of a spcific industry (motor vehicles in Detroit), or are centers of government and education, notably state captials that also have a major university (Albany, Lansing, Madison, or Raleigh-Durham).

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Staple Grains

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Maize, wheat, and rice are the most produced grains produced world wide, accounting for 87% of all grains and 43% of all food. Maize staple food of North America, South American, Africa, and livestock worldwide, wheat is primary in temperate regions, and rice in tropical regions.

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Suitcase Farm

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"Individuals who live in urban areas a great distance from their land and drive to the country to care for their crops and livestock. This practice lends itself well to the growth of wheat. Allows families to continue their long relationships with the ancestral farm, but still enjoy the benefits of waged incomes in urban environments.

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Survey Patterns (Long Lots)

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(French) Houses erected on narrow lots perpendicular along a river, so that each original settler had equal river access.

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Survey Patterns (Metes and Bound)

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(English) Uses physical features of the local geography, along with directions and distances, to define the boundaries of a particular piece of land. Metes refers to boundary defined by a measurement of a straight run, bounds refers to a more general boundary, such as a waterway, wall, public road, or existing building.

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Survey Patterns (Township-and-range)

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(U.S.A) surveys used west of Ohio, after the purchase of the Louisiana Purchase. Land is divided into six-mile square blocks (township), which is then divided into one-mile square blocks (range). Ranges were then broken into smaller parcels to be sold or given to people to develop.

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Survey Patterns (Sustainable Yield)

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Ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of capital itself, the surplus required to maintain nature's services at the same or increasing level over time. Example, in fisheries the basic natural capital decreases with extraction, but productivity increases; so the sustainable yield is within the ranch that the natural capital together wit production are able to provide satisfactory yield.

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Third Agricultural Revolution

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Green Revolution Rapid diffusion of new agricultural techniques between 1970s and 1980s, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers. Has caused agricultural productivity at a global scale to increase faster than population growth.

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Mechanization

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Farmers need tractors, irrigation pumps, and other machinery to make the most effective use of the new miracle seeds. Farmers in LDCs cannot afford this machinery or the fuel to run the equipment, so governments must allocate funds to subsidizing the cost of seeds, fertilizers and machinery.

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Chemical Farming

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Increased use of fertilizers with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The development of higher-yield crops has produced: a miracle wheat seedwhich is shorter and stiffer, less sensitive to variation in day length, responds better to fertilizers, and matures faster; a similar miracle rice seed, that was heartier and has increased yields; a high-yield corn seed is currently being developed.

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Food Manufacturing

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the Green Revolution has increased production to avoid widespread famine. Allowing populations in developing nations to consume 25% more than before. This increase in diets is questioned by the content in diets; Asian farmers are eating more rice than fish and other vegetables because they ca rely on rice to grow efficiently.

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"Tragedy of the Commons"

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social trap that involves a conflict over resources between interests and the common good.

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Transhumance

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pastoral practice of seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas.

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Truck Farm

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Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities. Predominant in Southeastern U.S.A, because of the long growing season and humid climate, accessibility to large markets of New York, Philadelphian, and Washington. Truck farms grow many of the fruits and vegetables that consumers demand in developed societies. Truck farms sell some of their product to fresh markets, but mostly to large processors for canning or freezing. Truck farms are highly efficient and large-scale operations that take full advantage of machines at every stage of the growing process.

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Von Thunen, Johann Heinrich

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1826, Northern Germany. When choosing an enterprise, a commercial farmer compares two costs; cost of the land versus the cost of transporting production to market. Identifies a crop that can be sold for more than the land cost, distance of land to market is critical because the cost of transporting varies by crop. Also found that specific crops were grown in varying rings around city. Market-oriented gardens and milk producers in first ring, because of expense of transportation and perish-ability. In the next rings wood lots used for construction and fuel, because it is a heavy industry with high transportation costs. Next rings are used for various crops or pasture, with the outermost ring devoted to animal grazing. Von Thunen's theory disregards site or human factors.

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Cash Crops

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crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit

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Substance Agriculture

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a type of farming in which farmers grow just enough food to provide for themselves and their families

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Luxury Crop

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non subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco

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