question

human territoriality

answer

creating ownership over a defined space

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sovereignty

answer

final authority over a territory and the right to defend territorial integrity against incursion

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institutions

answer

structures and mechanisms of social order that govern behavior

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government

answer

political system with governing authority

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republic

answer

power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by elected representatives responsible to them and governing according to law

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democracy

answer

power resides with the majority

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absolute monarchy

answer

power of the monarch is absolute

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constitutional monarchy

answer

power of the monarch is limited and defined by law

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nation

answer

people who thing of themselves as one based on a sense of shared culture and history and who desire political autonomy

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state

answer

political unit with a permanent population and boundaries that are recognized by other states allows for the administration of laws, collection of taxes, and provision of defense

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multi nation state

answer

a state with two or more nations (ethnic groups)

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nation state

answer

a state with a single nation (ethnic group)

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stateless nation

answer

a nation who do not have territory

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unitary state

answer

state with a central government and is governed by a central authority often countries with few cultural conflicts and with a strong sense of national identity

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federal state

answer

state where a central government gives local territories a form of self-government or autonomy

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nationalism

answer

loyalty to nation

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boundary

answer

vertical plane that cuts through the subsoil and extends into the airspace above that determines the limit of state jurisdiction

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definition phase of boundary establishment

answer

phase in which the boundary is negotiated and legally described

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delimitation phase of boundary establishment

answer

boundary is drawn on a map

question

demarcation phase of boundary establishment

answer

visible marking of the line on the ground

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geometric boundary

answer

straight line boundary unrelated to the physical landscape or culture groups

question

physical-political boundary

answer

boundary that coincides with the physical landscape

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cultural-political boundary

answer

boundary that coincides with culture groups

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antecedent boundary

answer

natural boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place as people moved in

question

superimposed boundary

answer

boundary that ignores existing cultural groups

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relict boundary

answer

old political boundary that no longer exists as an international border, but remnants of its existence remain

question

subsequent boundary

answer

boundary that evolves as the cultural landscape of an area takes shape

question

definitional dispute

answer

dispute over the legal language of a boundary

question

locational dispute

answer

dispute over the location of a boundary

question

allocational dispute

answer

dispute that occurs when resources lie within a border region

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operational dispute

answer

dispute that occurs over disagreements on movement across borders

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territorial morphology

answer

a state's geographical shape which can affect governing

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compact

answer

state that roughly circular, oval, or rectangular

question

elongated

answer

state that is long and narrow

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fragmented

answer

state that consists of two or more separate pieces

question

perforated

answer

state that has an area or hole within

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prorupt (protruded)

answer

relatively compact state with an area that extends out as a tail

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enclave

answer

a country located within another country's territory

question

exclave

answer

a part of a country separated from its main part by another country's territory

question

microstate

answer

a state with small land area

question

landlocked state

answer

a state without coasts on the open sea

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core area

answer

the center or heartland of the state with a large population cluster and most productive region

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multi-core states

answer

a state that has more than one core

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centripetal forces

answer

forces within a state that promote unity and national stability

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centrifugal forces

answer

forces within a state that destabilize or weaken it

question

devolution

answer

the transfer of decision making power from a central government to regional or local governments within the state

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balkanization

answer

refers to a volatile political process by which a state breaks up into smaller countries

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colonialism

answer

rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate and alien people and place

question

colonization in Africa

answer

17th to 19th century- large parts of africa were divided according to which pieces of land belonged to which european colonizer and not by the existing patterns of different tribal people and ethnicities living in the land

question

decolonization

answer

the process of becoming independent from colonial rulers

question

decolonization in Africa

answer

the superimposed boundaries remained in place, which has led to much of the current conflict and lack of ability to establish effective leadership

question

imperialism

answer

the drive toward creation and expansion of an empire and then once established, its perpetuation

question

hegemony

answer

social, cultural, ideological or economic influence exerted by a dominant group

question

irredentism

answer

when a state wants to annex a territory whose population is ethnically similar

question

world systems theory

answer

theory that the world is connected by a complex network of economic exchange relationships and describes how power is spatially distributed between regions that are referred to as the core, periphery and semi-periphery

question

core

answer

areas with higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology

question

periphery

answer

areas with lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology

question

semi-periphery

answer

areas where core and periphery process are both occurring

question

geopolitics

answer

the study of how states interact and compete for power

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classical geopolitics

answer

explains why certain states are powerful and how to become powerful

question

Organic Theory

answer

German school of geopolitics that was developed by Friedrich Ratzel that proposes that a nation is an aggregate of organisms and functions and behaves as an organism, the state lives and dies as its citizens do

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Heartland theory

answer

British American school of geopolitics theory developed by Halford Mackinder that proposes that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world

question

Rimland Theory

answer

British American school of geopolitics theory developed by Nicholas Spykman that proposes that any political power that dominated the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide the base for world conquest

question

critical geopolitics

answer

focuses on revealing and explaining ideas about places influence political behavior

question

supra-nationalism

answer

association of three or more states that is formed for mutual benefit to promote shared goals and resolve disputes

question

United Nations

answer

union formed in 1945 to promote international world peace and security, it is comprised of 6 principal organs that meet to decide on common issues and policies

question

General Assembly

answer

organ of the UN responsible for making recommendations on peace and security; election of members to organs; admission, suspensions, and expulsion of members; issues between industrialized nations and developing countries

question

Security Council

answer

organ of the UN responsible for preserving world peace

question

Benelux

answer

economic union formed before the end of WWII to promote economic cooperation between Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Precursor to EU

question

European Union (EU)

answer

economic union between european countries that established free trade and open borders and a common currency

question

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

answer

economic alliance to gradually eliminate tariffs and trade barriers between the US Canada and Mexico

question

African Union (AU)

answer

political social and economical alliance of african states aimed at promoting greater efficiency and reducing the strains of their colonial roots

question

Arab League

answer

union to strengthen ties among Arab speaking states and coordinate policies toward a common good

question

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

answer

military alliance formed after WWII between the US, Canada, and 26 European states to endure mutual assistance in times of aggression

question

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

answer

economic alliance formed by oil producing countries to coordinate petroleum policies

question

international sanctions

answer

policies or actions designed to induce states to change their behavior

question

international agreements

answer

establishment of protocols for world related issues, such as the environment, health, economic development, and foreign aid

question

Kyoto Protocol

answer

developed by the UN in 1997 to cut the amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the air

question

Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

answer

established states rights/responsibilities concerning ownership of the seas and oceans and their resources; developed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

question

Territorial Sea

answer

zone of water adjacent to a state's coast (12 miles) in which a state has sovereignty

question

Contiguous Zone

answer

zone of water adjacent to the Territorial Sea (24 Miles) in which a state can enforce customs, immigration and sanitation laws

question

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

answer

zone of water adjacent to contiguous Zone (200 miles) in which a state has the right to explore exploit conserve and manage resources

question

The High Seas

answer

remaining ocean beyond the EEZ in which all states have equal access

question

median-line principles

answer

method used to divide the waters between states that do not have 400 miles between them

question

Marxism

answer

economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will ultimately be superseded by communism

question

socialism

answer

transitional social state between the overthrow of capitalism and the realization of communism

question

communism

answer

political theory advocating class war, leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs

question

Cold War

answer

period of political and military tension between the USSR and Western states after WWII

question

East/West divide

answer

the geographic separation between largely democratic states of Western Europe and the Americas from communist and socialist countries of Eastern Europe and asia that ended with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the dismantling of the Soviet Union in the Early 1990's

question

Domino theory

answer

political idea that if one nation comes under communist control, then neighboring countries will follow

question

Containment Theory

answer

foreign policy followed by the Us durning the cold War to contain and isolate communism

question

Near Abroad

answer

refers to the republics that emerged after the dissolution of the Soviet Union

question

New World Order

answer

a world shaped by forces that connect nations and states in which international rules of conduct are enforced by multi-national action

question

unilateralism

answer

world order in which one state is in a position of dominance with allies following them rather than joining the political decision making process

question

terrorism

answer

violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population and/or influence the policy of a government

question

domestic terrorism

answer

acts of terror that occurs primarily within a state's jurisdiction

question

electoral geography

answer

study of the spatial aspects of the election process (voting systems, voting behavior, and voter representation)

question

electoral college

answer

US system of electing a president in which electors from each state chooses the candidate that he or she believes represents his or her constituency's choice

question

reapportionment

answer

process of reallocation of electoral seats in the US due to population growth or decline

question

territorial representation

answer

each major territory has representatives who participate in the decision making process

question

districting

answer

the drawing of electoral district boundary lines within states

question

redistricting

answer

when district boundaries are redrawn within states usually for advantage

question

gerrymandering

answer

redistricting that is unfair and drawn to a particular political party's advantage

question

major-minority districts

answer

district in which a majority of the population is from the minority in the entire country

question

buffer state

answer

a relatively small country sandwiched between two larger powers, may help prevent dangerous conflicts between powerful countries

question

Commonwealth of independent States

answer

Confederacy of independent states of the former soviet union that have united because of their common economic and administrative needs

question

democratization

answer

the process of establishing representative and accountable forms of government led by popularly elected officials

AP Human Geography Unit 4 Political Organization – Flashcards

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