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State

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Definition: An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs. Example: USA

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Geopolitics

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Definition: The study of the interplay between political relations and the territorial context in which they occur. Example:

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Regionalism

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Definition: a foreign policy that defines the international interests of a country in terms of particular geographic areas Example:

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Frontier

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Definition: A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control. Example: Antarctica

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Gerrymander

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Definition: Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power. Example: creation of a smaller voting district to take away votes from a particular candidate

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Reapportionment

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Definition: Process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people Example: dividing the 435 seats in the House of Representatives based on the population of each state after every census

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UNCLOS

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Definition: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Example:

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Sovereignty

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Definition: Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states. Example: power of a king to rule his people

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Shatterbelt

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Definition: a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals Example: Eastern Europe during the Cold War

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Treaty ports

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Definition: Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the in these cities, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality. Example: Kelung

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Annexation

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Definition: Legally adding land area to a city in the United States Example: US

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Berlin Conference

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Definition: A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa Example:

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Colonialism

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Definition: Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory. Example: England's control over India

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Imperialism

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Definition: A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. Example: France's control over Haiti

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Irredentism

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Definition: a policy of cultural extension and potential political expansion by a country aimed at a group of its nationals living in a neighboring country Example: Garibaldi and the unification of India

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Satellite Nation

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Definition: Communist nations in Eastern Europe on friendly terms with the USSR and thought of as under the USSR's control Example: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and East Germany

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Civil Divisions

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Definition: Governmental divisions that divide citizens Example: Civil township

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Confederations

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Definition: Interest groups made up of several independent, local organizations that provide much of their funding and hold most of the power Example: Confederate States of America

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Democratization

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Definition: the process of creating a government elected by the people Example: creating legitimacy for a certain social order or by removing certain aspects of social life from the political sphere and renaming them as private

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Devolution

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Definition: The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government. Example: UK granted more autonomy to its member states

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Forward Capital

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Definition: A capital city placed in a remote or peripheral area for economic, strategic, or symbolic reasons. Example: Brasília

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Domino Theory

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Definition: A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control. Example:

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Iron Curtain

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Definition: A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region Example:

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Manifest Destiny

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Definition: A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific. Example:

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United Nations

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Definition: An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation. Example:

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Supranationalism

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Definition: a venture involving 3 or more national states political economic or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives Example:

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European Union

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Definition: An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members. Example:

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Gross National Product

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Definition: The total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year. Example:

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Basic/Non-Basic Industries

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Definition: Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the community/Industries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community Example:

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HDI

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Definition: Human Development Index Example:

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Agglomeration Economies

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Definition: The savings to an individual enterprise derived from locational association with a cluster of other similar economic activities, such as other factories or retail stores Example: spatially concentrated growth in automobile-oriented fields may create problems of crowding and traffic congestion

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Value Added

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Definition: the gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy. Example: computer retailers

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EEZ

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Definition: Exclusive Economic Zone Example: US EEZ surrounding the islands of Guam and the Northern Marianas, roughly 5,600 miles from the West Coast of the USA, is home to the Mariana Trench—the deepest place in the ocean

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Import Substitution

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Definition: a government policy that uses trade restrictions and subsidies to encourage domestic production of manufactured goods Example: airline company which used to purchase chicken for its meals from Arkansas despite several growers just outside Eugene

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Market Orientation

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Definition: the tendency of an economic activity to locate close to its market; a reflection of large and variable distribution costs Example:

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Raw-material orientation

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Definition: the tendency of an economic activity to locate near or at its source of raw material Example: Sugar milling

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Comparative advantage

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Definition: The ability of a country to produce a good at a lower cost than another country can. Example: China

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Subsistence economy

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Definition: an economic system of relatively simple technology in which people produce most or all of the goods to satisfy their own and their family's needs; little or no exchange occurs outside or the immediate or extended family Example: Economy that relies solely on oil

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Global commons

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Definition: those parts of our environment available to everyone but for which no single individual has responsibility--the atmosphere, fresh water, forests, wildlife, and ocean fisheries Example: Antarctica

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Trickledown effects

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Definition: model of product adoption in marketing that affects many consumer goods and services Example:

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Brandt Line

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Definition: Line that divides the rich north and the poor south Example:

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Neocolonialism

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Definition: Also called economic imperialism, this is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style economies to continue, which often caused monoculture Example: a country only producing one main export like sugar

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Regional multiplier

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Definition: A numerical relationship showing the number of total jobs created for each new basic job in a region Example: new jobs:overall jobs 1:3

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Dependency theory

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Definition: a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones Example:

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Heartland/Rimland

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Definition: Hypothesis proposed by Halford MacKinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world./Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide the base for world conquest. Example:

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Mackinder, Halford J

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Definition: developed the Heartland Theory of Geopolitics - land based power would control the world after controlling eastern Europe, the "pivot area". Example:

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Rostow's Modernization Model

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Definition: linear theory of development that developed countries go through a common 5 stage patter of structural change (traditional society, transitional, take off, drive to maturity, high mass consumption) it explains the development experiences of Western countries and is general model for many others Example:

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