AP Human Geography – Unit 2 (Population) KBAT – Flashcards
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age-sex distribution
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model used in population geography that describes the ages and number of males & females within a given population; also called a population pyramid
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agricultural density
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ratio of the number of farmer to the amount of arable land
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arithmetic density
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the number of objects/people in a given unit area (objects/area)
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baby boom
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cohort of individuals born in the US between 1946-1964 when conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of marriage and fertility
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baby bust
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period of time during the 1960-70s when fertility rates in US dropped as women from the baby boom generation sought higher levels of education/career, causing them to marry later ion life
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carrying capacity
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largest number of people that the environment of a particular area can sustainably support
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census
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a complete enumeration of a population
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census tract
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small county subdivisions, usually containing between 2,500 and 8,000 persons, delineated by the US Census Bureau as areas of relativity uniform population characteristics, economic status, and living conditions
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child mortality rate
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number of deaths per thousand children within the first five years of life
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cohort
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a population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit
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contraception
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deliberate prevention of conception or impregnation
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Cornucopians
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technology increases the carrying capacity for human beings, population growth could bring benefits such as economic growth, a larger workforce, more geniuses
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Cotton Belt
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term by which the American south used to be known (now known as the New South/part of the Sun Belt)
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crude birth rate (CBR)
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number of live births per year per 1000 people
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crude death rate (CDR)
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the number of deaths per year per 1000 people
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demographic momentum
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(population momentum) the tendency for population growth to continue despite stringent family planning programs because of a relatively high concentration of people in the childbearing years.
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demographic transition model
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sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to to low birth and death rates through time
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demography
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study of human populations, including their temporal and spatial dynamics
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dependency ratio
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number of people who are too young/too old compared to those who are at the right age to work
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diffusion of fertility control
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how fertility rates are lowered; during the final two stages of the demographic transition depend on both the successful cultural diffusion of effective methods of birth control and the widespread acceptance of the notion that small families are preferable to large ones; fertility decline became accepted as countries industrialized largely because children were no longer needed to help with farm work
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disease diffusion
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how disease spreads in a population, hierarchical diffusion spreads from urban to rural areas. Contagious is spread through the density of people
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doubling time
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time period required for a population experiencing exponential growth to double size completely
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ecumene
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portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement
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epidemiological transition
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distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
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exponential growth
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growth that occurs when a fixed percentage of new people is added to a population each year
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gendered space
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areas or regions designed for men or women
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Generation X
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term to describe people born in the US between 1965-1980
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geodemography
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(population geography) division of human geo concerned with spatial variations in distribution, composition, growth, and movements of population
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infant mortality rate
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% of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country
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j-curve
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a growth curve that depicts exponential growth
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life expectancy
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the average age individuals are expected to live (varies across space, between genders, and races)
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maladaptation
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adaptation that has become less helpful than harmful (has become less and less suitable and more of a problem or hindrance in its own right, as time goes on, showing as the world changes so do the things surrounding it)
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Malthus Thomas
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author who claimed that pop. grows at an exponential rate as food production increases arithmetically & that pop. would outpace food production
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maternal mortality rate
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number of deaths per thousand women giving birth
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natality
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birth rate
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natalism
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a policy or general attitude that encourages or discourages population growth, often in the face of resources
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natural increase rate
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difference between the number of births and number of deaths within a particular country
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Neomalthusians
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belief that the world is characterized by scarcity and competition in which too many people fight for few resources (pessimists who warn of the global ecopolitical dangers of uncontrolled population growth)
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overpopulation
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value judgement based on the notion that the resources of a particular area are not great enough to support that area's current population
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physiological density
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a ration of human population to the area of cropland, used in less developed countries dominated by subsistence agriculture
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population agglomerations
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the grouping of populations close together due to cost advantages
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population explosion
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the rapid growth of the world's human population during the past century, attended by ever-shorter doubling times and accelerating rates of increase
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population projection
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estimates of future population size, age, and sex composition based on current data
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population pyramid
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model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular population
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replacement fertility
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total fertility rate at which women would have only enough children to replace themselves and their partner
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rust belt
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northern industrial states of the US (Ohio, Michigan, Pennsylvania) when industry was once the dominant economic activity but lost economic base to economical attractive regions/where labor was cheaper
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sun belt
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US region (southeast & southwest) which has grown dramatically since WWII
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sustainability
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the ability to keep in existence or maintain. A sustainable ecosystem is one that can be maintained
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s-curve
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leveling off of an exponential, J-shaped curve when a rapidly growing population exceeds the carrying capacity of its environment and ceases to grow
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sex ratio
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number of males per 100 females in the population
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total fertility rate
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the average number of children born to a woman in her child bearing years
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underpopulation
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circumstances of too few people to sufficiently develop the resources of a country or region to improve the level of living of its inhabitants
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zero population growth
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proposal to end population growth through family planning programs
