AP Human Geography Unit 1 Vocab and Examples – Flashcards
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Globalization
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The expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to the point that they become global in a scale and impact. It transcends state boundaries and has various outcomes.
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An example of Globalization
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McDonald's expanded into such a global company that its scale and impact on other cultures is huge.
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Perceptual Region
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A region that only exists as a conceptualization or an idea and not a physical demarcated entity.
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An example of a Perceptional Region
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The south
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Geographic Information System (GIS)
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A collection of computer hard-ware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stated, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user.
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How is GIS usually formatted for the user's convince?
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In layers
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Time Space Compression
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A term associated with the work of David Harvey that reflects to the social and physical affects of living in a world in which the time space convergence has a rapidly reached a high level of intensity.
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Global Positioning System (GPS)
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Satellite based system for determining the absolute location of places pr geographic features.
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What things use a GPS?
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Modern cars, phones, computers, airplanes, modern trains
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Distance Decay
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The effects of distance on the interaction, generally the greater the distance, the less the interaction.
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What is an example of Distance Decay?
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France is more likely to have a closer and fore frequent relationship with Germany than it is with China.
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Expansion Diffusion
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The spread of an innovation or idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in tan exploding area of dissemination.
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What three types of diffusion fit under the "Expansion" category?
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Contagious, Hierarchical, Stimulus
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Contagious Diffusion
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The distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through local population by contact from person to person -analogous to the communication of contagious illness.
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What is an example of Contagious Diffusion?
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Any illness or outbreak EXCEPT FOR HIV/AIDS
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Thematic Map
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Maps that tell stories , typically showing the degree of some attribute or movement of a geographic phenomenon.
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Is this an example of a Thematic Map?
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Boi the answer is yes.
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Movement
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The fifth theme of geography as defined by GENIP. The mobility of people, goods, and ideas across the surface of the Earth.
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An example in history of Movement
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People migrating across the Bering Land Bridge from Siberia to the Americas.
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Cultural Landscape
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A geographic area associated with a historic event, activity, person, or exhibiting cultural or aesthetic values.
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What is an example of a Cultural Landscape
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The Gettysburg battle field
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Sequence Occupant
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The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape.
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What is an example of Sequence Occupant?
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Alexandria, Egypt, where Egyptian, Greek, and Roman cultural landscapes can be found.
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Fraction of Distance
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The increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance.
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Example of Fraction of Distance
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It costs more to fly from Atlanta to Paris than from Atlanta to Boston.
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Latitude (Parallels)
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An imaginary line running parallel to the equator that is used to measure the distance North or South from the Equator (they run east-west, bust measure north and south)
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What is the name of the Parallel at 0 degrees?
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The Equator
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Relocation Diffusion
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Sequential diffusion process in which the items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate to new ones. The most common for of relocation diffusion involves the spreading of innovations by a migrating population.
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What is an example of relocation diffusion?
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The spread of the Spanish language and religion to most of Latin america due to colonization.
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Possiblism
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Geographic viewpoint- a response to determinism- that holds that human decision making not the environment, is the crucial factor in cultural development.
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What is a prime example of Possiblism?
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A Greenhouse
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What is the 0 degree longitude called and what city does it cross through?
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Prime Meridian and Greenwich, England (a suburb of London, east of London)
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Cartogram Map
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A map in which some thematic mapping variable is substituted for land area and distance.
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Which map looks all funky because the size of states and borders are all wack?
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A Cartogram Map
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Relative Location
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The regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places.
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France is on the Northwest border of Spain is an example of...
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Relative Location (example)
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International Date Line
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The line that separates today from tomorrow. It cuts between Russia and Alaska through the Bering Strait and juts out multiple times. For the most part, it stays on the 180 degree line.
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Cultural Ecology
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The study of human adaptations to social and physical environments.
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Give an example of an adaptation through the eyes of cultural ecology.
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The Inuit learned to use the entire seal or whale due to the fact that resources are very scarce in the Arctic.
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Choropleth Map
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A map that uses different shading, coloring or placing of symbols within predefined areas to indicate the average value of property/quality in those areas. (Think Chloroplast bc of color)
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In what cases may a Choropleth Map be used?
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To describe and compare GDP of different regions
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Time Space Convergence
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The greatly accelerated movement of goods, info, and ideas during the 20th century made possible by technological innovations in transportation and communication.
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Hearth
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The area where an idea or cultural trait originates
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Where is the hearth of Christianity?
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Jerusalem
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Independent Invention
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The term for a trait with many cultural hearths that developed independently of each other.
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What is a prime example of Independent Invention?
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The start up of farming across many ancient civilizations across the world.
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Mercator Projection
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A cylindrical map projection presented by Mercator which heavily distorts the poles. Used for Navigation
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The 5 Themes of Geography
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Developed by GENIP, the five themes of geography are location, human-environment, region, place, and movement.
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Location
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The first theme of geography as defined by GENIP; the geographic situation of people and things.
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Human Environment
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The second theme of geography as defined by GENIP; reciprocal relationship between humans and environment.
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Region
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The third theme of geography as defined by GENIP; an area on the Earth's surface marked by a degree of formal, functional or perceptual homogeneity of some phenomenon.
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Place
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The fourth theme of geography as defined by GENIP; uniqueness of a location
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Reference Map
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Maps that show the absolute location of places and geographic features determined by a frame typically latitude and longitude.
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Graduated Symbol Map
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A map that use the visual variable of size to represent differences in magnitude of a discrete, abruptly hanging phenomenon like counts of people.
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Diffusion
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The spatial spreading or dissemination of a culture element (such as technological innovation) or some other phenomenon such as a disease outbreak.
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Hierarchical Diffusion
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A form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples. An urban hierarchy is usually involved, encouraging the leapfrogging of innovations over wide areas, with geographic distance a less important influence.
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What is an example of Hierarchical Diffusion?
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Fashion goes from designers, to a-listers, and so fourth.
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Isoline Map
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A map where a line is drawn out a map that joins all similar areas together.
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Political Ecology
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An approach to studies nature-society relations that is concerned with the ways in which environmental issues both reflect and area issues both reflect and are the result of political and socioeconomic contexts in which they are situated.
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Landscape Analysis
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It helps chat broader strategics and make critical decisions.
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Distribution
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This is the frequency or occurrence of something.
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Distortion
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The action of giving a misleading account or impression.
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Spatial Perspective
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Refers to the geographic concept of where things happen on Earth and in different spaces
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Functional Region
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A region defined by particular set of activities or interaction that occur within
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What is an example Functional Region?
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The European Union
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Site
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The internal physical physical attributes of a place, including its absolute location, its spatial character and physical setting.
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My house is on the latitudes and longitudes (9.45, 7.85)
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Site (example)
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Situation
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The external location attributes of a place; relative location or regional position with references to other non local places
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Atlanta is in the northern part of Georgia and about 250 miles from Savannah
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Situation (example)
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Longitude
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An imaginary line circling the Earth and running through the poles. Used to determine the location of things by measurement of angular distance, in degrees east or west from the Prime Meridian. (runs north to south but measures east to west)
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Distance
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Measurement of the physical space between two places.
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Environmental Determinism
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The view that natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life, including cultural development.
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What view point states that a civilization living in the Americas has a better chance of thriving than one living in Antarctica?
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Environmentalism or Environmental Determinism
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Formal Region/Uniform Region/Homogeneous Region
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A type of region marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in one or more phenomena.
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Remote Sensing
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A method of collecting data or info through instruments that are physically distant from the area/object of study.
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Scale
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Representation of a real world phenomena at a certain level of reduction or generalization (think: how large would my house be)
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Spatial
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Pertaining to space on the Earth's surface sometimes used as a synonym for geographic
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World Regions
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A region of the Earth that has common traits. Ex: Western Europe
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North Pole
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Northern most point of the world.
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South Pole
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The southern most point of the Earth
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Map Projections
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The representation on a plane surface of any part of the surface of a celestial sphere.
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Azimutha/Polar Projection
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A map projection in which a region of the earth is projected onto a plane tangential to the surface, typically at the poles or equator.pol
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Robinson Projection
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A map that shows the entire world at once
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Geospatial Data
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Information about a physical object that can be represented by numerical values in a geographic coordinate system.
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Absolute Direction
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A compass direction such as North or South
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Relative Direction
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directions such as left, right, back, up, down, based on people's perception of places.
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Vernacular Region
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Same as Perceptual Region
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Stimulus Diffusion
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A form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is related as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place.
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What is a common example of Stimulus Diffusion?
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The Maharaja Mac
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Geographic Perspective
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A way to understand a topic or area using spatial features and relationships.
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Absolute Location
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The position or place of a certain item on the surface of the Earth as expressed in degrees of latitude and longitude.
