AP Human Geography – Key Tems – Flashcards
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human geography
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- how people make places - how we organize space and society - how we interact with each other in places and across space - how we make sense of others and ourselves in localities, regions, and the world
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globalization
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a set of processes that are increasing interactions, deepening relationships, and accelerating interdependence across national borders; includes a set of outcomes that are felt from these global processes (usually unevenly distributed and differently manifested across the world) - the same globalized process has different impacts in different places because no two places are the same
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the concept of "scale"
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used to understand the individual, local, regional, national, and global interrelationships - what happens at the global scale affects the local, but also affects the individual regional and national, which influence the global
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geographers
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study human phenomena such as language, religion, and identity as well as physical phenomena such as landforms, climate, and environmental change - also examine the interaction between humans and environment
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geography
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Marvin Mikesell - gave the definition of geography as "the why of where" - Why and how do things come together in certain places to produce particular outcomes? - Why are some things found in certain places but not in others? - How do the characteristics of particular places influence those in other places? - To what extent do things in one place influence those in other places?
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spatial perspective
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observing variations in geographic phenomena across space -
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spatial distribution
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physical location of geographic phenomena across space -
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patterns
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the design of a spatial distribution (scattered or concentrated) -
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medical geography
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mapping the distribution of a disease to determine its cause
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Dr. John Snow
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1854 - anesthesiologist in London - mapped cases of Cholera in London's Soho District
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cholera
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an ancient disease associates with diarrhea and dehydration - was confined to India until the beginning of the nineteenth century - spread to China, Japan, East Africa, and Mediterranean Europe in 1816
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pandemic
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worldwide outbreak of a disease - EX: cholera
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the "second" cholera pandemic
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lasted from 1826 to 1837 - cholera spread across the Atlantic and attacked North America
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the "third" cholera pandemic
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1842 to 1862 - England was severely hit with cholera and it again spread into North America - Dr. Snow mapped the Soho District marking all of the area's water pumps and marking the residence of each person who died from cholera - Snow noticed an especially large number of deaths clustered around the water pump on Broad Street and once he made it impossible to get water there, the number of new cases dropped dramatically confirming his theory
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epidemic
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the regional outbreak of a disease - EX: a cholera outbreak in the slums of Lima, Peru
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Immanuel Kant
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German philosopher - "we need disciplines focused not only on particular phenomena (such as economics and sociology), but also on the perspectives of time (history) and space (geography)."
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five themes of geography
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- location - place - human-environment interaction - movement - region
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location
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highlights how the geographical position of people and things on the Earth's surface affects what happens and why - helps to establish the context within which events and processes are situated
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location theory
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predicting where things are likely to occur - EX: a geographer versed in location theory might assess where a SuperTarget should be built (downtown or in a suburb), given the characteristics of existing neighborhoods and new developments, the median income of people, the locations of other shopping areas, and the existing and future road system.
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human-environment interaction
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how humans interact with their environment - asking location questions often means looking at the reciprocal relationship between humans and environments
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region
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features tend to be concentrated in particular areas, which we call __________ - understanding the regional geography of a place allows us to make sense of much of the information we have about places and digest new place-based information
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place
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a location with meaning
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sense of place
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infusing a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in a place or by labeling a place with a certain character
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perceptions of place
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perceptions of a place we have never been which we get through books, movies, stories, and pictures
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movement
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refers to the mobility of people, goods, and ideas across the surface of the planet - an expression of the interconnectedness of places
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spatial interaction
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how two places have the ability to interact depending on: distance, accessibility, and connectivity
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distances
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the measured physical space between two place
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accessibility
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the ease of reaching one location from another
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connectivity
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the degree of linkage between locations in a network
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landscape
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refers to the material character of a place, the complex of natural features, human structures, and other tangible objets that give a place a particular form
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cultural landscape
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the visible imprint of human activity on the landscape - seen on buildings, roads, memorials, churches, fields, and homes
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Carl Sauer
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___________ said that cultural landscapes are comprised of the "forms superimposed on the physical landscape" by human activity
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sequent occupance
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1929 - Derwent Whittlesey - refers to the sequential imprints of occupants, who impacts are layered one on top of the other, each layer having some impacts on the next - EX: the Tanzanian city of Dar es Salaam
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cartography
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the art and science of making maps
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reference maps
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show locations of places and geographic features
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thematic maps
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tell stories - EX: Dr. Snow's cholera map
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absolute location
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uses a coordinate system that allows for the precise plotting of where on Earth something is
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global positioning system (GPS)
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allows us to locate things on the surface of Earth with extraordinary accuracy
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geocaching
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a hobby where people use their GPS to play a treasure hunt game all over the world
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relative location
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describes the location of a place in relation to other human and physical features
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mental map
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maps in our minds of places we have been and places we have heard of
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activity space
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places we travel to routinely in our rounds of daily activity (our mental maps of these areas are generally more accurate and detailed)
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generalized maps
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these maps help us see general trends
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geographic information systems (GIS)
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Koraline Kolivras
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analyzed the probability of dengue fever outbreaks in Hawaii using GIS
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scale
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- the distance on a map compared to the distance on the Earth - the spatial extent of something
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rescale
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_________ actions to involve players at other scales and create a global outcry of support for their position
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Victoria Lawson
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uses the term "jumping scales" to describe rescaling activities
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formal region
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has a shared trait (can be cultural or physical) - EX: the region of Europe where French is spoken by a majority of the people can be thought of as a French-speaking region
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functional region
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defined by a particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it
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perceptual region
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the way we define a region based on how we see it - EX: the South
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Wilbur Zelinsky
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tackled the complex task of defining and delimiting the perceptual regions of the US and southern Canada - he did this by studying the telephone directories of 276 metropolitan areas in the US and noting which businesses and other enterprises use regional or locational terms
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culture
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all the ways of life of a group of people - refers to music, literature, arts of society, modes of dress, routine living habits, food preferences, architecture of houses and public buildings, the layout of fields and farms, and systems of education, government and law
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culture trait
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the single attribute of a culture
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culture complex
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a combination of culture traits
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cultural hearth
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an area where cultural trains develop and from which cultural traits diffuse
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cultural diffusion
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when ideas, people, or goods move across space
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time-distance decay
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the affect that time and distance have on cultural diffusion
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cultural barriers
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an obstacle that stands in the way of the spread of ideas or innovations (diffusion)
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expansion diffusion
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when an innovation or idea develops in a hearth and remains strong there while spreading outward
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contagious diffusion
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a form of expansion diffusion in which nearly all adjacent individuals and places are affected
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hierarchical diffusion
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the main channel of diffusion is some segment of those who are susceptible to what is being diffused (usually endorsed by celebrities)
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stimulus diffusion
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when an idea spreads because it is useful
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relocation diffusion
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the actual movement of individuals who have already adopted the ideas or innovation, and who carry it to a new area
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environmental determinism
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political ecology
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demography
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the study of population in general perspective
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population density/arithmetic population density
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a measure of the total population of a country relative to its land size - EX: the population density to the US id about 82 people per square mile
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physiological population density
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the number or people per square mile of arable, or agriculturally productive, land, this number tells us what kind of pressure the citizens of a country are facing - EX: in 2010 the physiological population density of Egypt was 5717 people per square mile of arable land while Ukraine's is only 128
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population distributions
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shows where people live on a given scale - EX: on the world scale, the three areas with the largest populations are in Europe, South Asia, and Southeast Asia
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dot maps
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maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomena - EX: a population map could be a dot map; making the dots stand for a certain amount of people
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megalopolis
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geographers use this term to refer to huge urban agglomerations (a jumbled collections or mass) - EX: Washington D.C., Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York City, and Boston
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census
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a periodical and official count of a country's population that includes sex, age, and occupation, and can be used if representation, taxation, and population density in certain areas - EX: the census can be used for determining how a certain region with be represented in the total population, the different ethnicities, religions, and occupations of a certain area, and the amount of men and women in the area
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Thomas Malthus
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thought that food grows linearly while population grows exponentially; believes that as our population grows, we will eventually run out of food to feed everyone - people think that he overlooked technological advances in farming, which concludes that food can grow exponentially
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total fertility rates (TFR)
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the average number of children born to woman during the years that she can bear a child - EX: in the US the TFR for a woman is 2.1, so that would mean that on average, one woman must have 2 children and the .1 would come from another family with more than 2 children
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aging index
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the proportion of older people to younger people in a country - EX: the aging index of Europe says that there are 263 older people for every 100 children
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doubling time
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the exponential rate of growth for something - EX: in 1650, the world's population was 500 million; 170 years later, in 1820, it reached 1 billion; the population doubled again around a century later
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population explosion
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a rapid and dramatic increase in a population - EX: 9 months after a hurricane hits, there are usually a large amount of babies being born resulting in a population explosion
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zero population growth
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a population that either decreases or stays stagnant - EX: Italy's population chart has a small base with larger adult cohorts, thus it has zero population growth
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natural increase
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the growth of a population based on the difference between births and deaths (P2=P1+B-D); natural increase does not take immigration and emigration into account - EX: if a baby was born, a person died and a person immigrated, the natural increase would remain the same because the birth and death cancel each other out; the person that immigrated does not count in natural increase
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crude birth rate (CBR)
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the number of live one thousand births per year - EX: the CBR for the United States in 2007 was 14.2; there were 14,200 babies born in the US that year
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crude death rate (CDR)
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the number of deaths per year per thousand people; this is important because it helps calculate population growth - EX: in 1850 the CDR was 16
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demographic transition
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the shift in population growth; this helps track and predict a countries population trends - EX: Britain during industrialization, went through a major shift in population due to new technology and medicines
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stationary population level (SPL)
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the level at which a country's population ceases to grow, mainly used for future predictions of population growth - EX: the UN predicted that the SPL of the world will be 10 billion in 200 years; it was changed due to lower fertility rates in some countries; SPL predictions have to be checked often due to changing conditions in the world
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population composition
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composition of a country's people in terms of age, sex, or others like marital statues or education; age and sex are the main indicators in population composition and they help determine population pyramids
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population pyramids
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visual representations of the age and sex composition of a population where by the percentage of each age group (generally five-year increments) is represented by its relationship to the total population; three types of population pyramids: wide-base pyramid (represents a poor country), tapering-base pyramid (represents a wealthy country), and a steep-sided pyramid (represents developing countries and the US)
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infant mortality rate (IMR)
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a figure that describes the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a given population (number of cases per thousand) - EX: the US is ranked 35th in the world in prevention of infant death
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child mortality rate (CMR)
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a record or the number of deaths of children between the ages of 1 and 5 per 1,000 children - EX: Africa and Asia have high child mortality rates because of maladies like kwashiorkor and marasmus that afflict millions of children, and cause many deaths
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life expectancy
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the number of years, on average, a person may be expected to live - EX: the life expectancy in America is 78.8 years
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infectious diseases
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diseases resulting from invasion of parasites and their reproduction in the body - EX: malaria
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genetic/inherited diseases
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a disease that we can trace through our ancestry and all of the chromosomes and genes that define our make up - EX: sickle-cell anemia, hemophilia, and lactose intolerance
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chronic/degenerative diseases
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a disease or ailment that is inherited because of old age and longevity - EX: heart disease
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endemic
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a disease or condition that prevails and spreads throughout a specific area; usually remain in a steady state in that area - EX: chicken pox
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vectored infectious disease
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transmitted through a vector - EX: malaria is transmitted through a mosquito
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non vectored infectious disease
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transmitted through direct contact between a host and a victim - EX: influenza
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AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
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a sexually transmitted disease that has affected Africa since the 1980s; HIV (Human Immune Deficiency Syndrome) causes AIDS
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expansive population policies
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encourages people to have large families to increase the country's rate of natural increase - EX: in Russia they have national contraception day (September 12) where they let people off of work early and who ever has a baby in exactly nine months wins a car
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eugenic population policies
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a government policy that favors one racial sector - EX: when Nazi Germany killed all of the Jews
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restrictive population policies
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a government policy to reduce natural increase by forcing people to have small families - EX: China's one child policy
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one-child policy
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a policy that permits every family in China one child; if they have more than one, the child is killed after birth; this was instituted in the late 1970s
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cyclic movement
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moving for a short period of time within your activity space - EX: commuting (moving from your home to work and back)
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periodic movement
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moving away from home for a longer period of time - EX: transhumance
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migration
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a permanent move where the person or group of people never return "home" - EX: a family moving from Florida to Georgia that never plans to return to Florida
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nomadism
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a type of cyclic movement that has to do with culture, survival, and tradition; it is deteriorating and can really only be found in parts of Asia and Africa
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migrant labor
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a type of periodic movement that has to do with people moving to a place for work
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military service
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a type of periodic movement that involves people in the military and their families; forced to move to a new place for a period of time, this may last several years - this type of movement may occur for 10 million people in the US
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transhumance
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a type of periodic movement that has to do when farmers move their livestock with the changing of the season - EX: in Switzerland when the seasons change they move cattle to the top of bottom of a mountain
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international migration
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a migration across a country's borders (also called transnational migration); these people (called emigrants) leave their country and migrate to a new one
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immigration
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the process of adding to a country's total population
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internal migration
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migration that occurs but can change depending on scale - EX: for the US moving from Florida to New York is internal while for Florida it is international
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forced migration
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migration in which the migrant has no choice but to move; have a variety of reason behind them - EX: Trail of Tears
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voluntary migration
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migration in which the migrant moves because they want to; have a larger variety of reasons why the people move; tie in with push and pull factors
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Ernst Ravenstein
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British demographer - came up with the 5 laws of migration and the gravity model
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laws of migration
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developed by Ernst Ravenstein: five laws that predict the flow of migrants, including: 1) Every migration flow has a return or counter migration. 2) The majority of migrants move a short distance. 3) Rural residents are more likely to move that urban residents. 4) Migrants who move longer distances tend the choose big-city destinations. 5) Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.
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gravity model
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a mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, the interaction being a function of the population size of the respective places and the distance between them - in mathematical terms, the equation for the gravity model is the multiplication of the two populations divided by the distance between them
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push factors
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negative conditions and perceptions that induce people to leave their current residence and migrate to somewhere else; may include cost of living, personal safety or security, weather or climate issues
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pull factors
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the conditions and circumstances that attract a migrant to certain locations over others; they assist in making the decision of where to go - EX: if someone from China were moving to the US, they would most likely choose LA or San Francisco over Springfield, IL because of the Chinatowns
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distance decay
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the intensity of human activity, process, or function declines as it distances from its source
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step migration
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a pattern that consists of a series of steps as people migrate - EX: a peasant family in rural Brazil, is likely to move first to a village, then to a nearby town, later to a city, and finally to a metropolis
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intervening opportunity
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opportunities that are found by migrants while going to their destination - EX: during the Great Migration, African Americans moved northward to find jobs in major cities but some settled in St. Louis when they found jobs there
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deportation
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the act of being sent back home - usually pertaining to illegal immigrants
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kinship links
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types of push or pull factors that influence a migrant's decision to go where family and friends have already found success
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chain migration
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migration patters that form from migrants moving along and through kinship links - EX: when cuban write home and convince other family members to move also
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immigration waves
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phenomenon whereby different patters of chain migration build upon one another to create a swell in migration from one origin to the same destination - EX: the Mexicans to the SW United States
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global-scale migration
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migration that takes place across international boundaries and between world regions
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explorers
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people examining a region that is unfamiliar to them
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colonization
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a process where a colonizer takes control of a place, sets up a government, and moves either their own people or other indentured servants
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8 migration flows
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1) Africa to the US 2) Westward Expansion 3) China to SE Asia to US 4) N Russia to E Russia 5) Europe to US 6) Britain to Australia 7) SE Europe to South and Central America 8) India to E Africa, SE Asia, and the Caribbean
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regional scale
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interactions occurring within a region, in a regional setting; can be applied such as migration - EX: people moving from Syria to Turkey
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islands of development
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places that are very developed surrounded by a very underdeveloped region
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Russification
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when the Russian government forced all of its citizens to be assimilated into the Russian culture to move throughout Russia
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guest workers
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people who move into a country and work in that country - EX: after WW II guest workers started to move to Europe to work in place of those who died during the war
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refugees
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people who have fled their country because of political persecution and seek asylum in other countries
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repatriation
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the process of sending a refugee back from the country of where they fled from
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asylum
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the right to protection in the first country that a refugee arrives in
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genocide
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the act of destroying, in a whole or part, a racial, ethnic, national, or religious group
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immigration laws
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laws restricting or encouraging immigration
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quotas
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established limits by governments on the number of immigrants who can enter a country each year
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selective immigration
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a situation in which certain individuals of certain backgrounds are barred from entering a country
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culture
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all the ways of life of a group of people
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folk culture
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traits of a small, rural, traditional community
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popular culture
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type of culture that is large, incorporates heterogeneous population, experiences quickly changing cultural traits, and is typically urban
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local culture
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type of culture that is small, incorporates a homogenous population
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material culture
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an element of culture that includes material items (houses, clothing, etc.)
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nonmaterial culture
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part of a culture that includes beliefs, practices and values
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hearth
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the place where a culture is strongest or where it originates
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assimilation
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the action of trying to make everybody the same (referring to culture)
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custom
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a practice that a group of people routinely follow
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cultural appropriation
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the process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit
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neolocalism
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Geographer James Shortridge - seeking out the regional culture and reinvigorating it in response to the uncertainty of the modern world
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ethnic neighborhoods
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a neighborhood, usually in a larger metropolitan area, comprised of a specific local culture
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commodification
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the process through which something that was part of a culture is bought and sold by another group of people
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authenticity
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the genuineness and reality of a culture
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time-space compression
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how quickly innovations diffuse and refers to how interlinked two lacers are through transportation and communication
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reterritorialization
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when people from local culture borrow pieces of popular culture and make it their own
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placelessness
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the loss of distinct local features in favor or standard landscapes
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global-local continuum
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the idea that what happens on a global scale affects what happens on a regional scale and vice versa
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glocalization
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a process in which people of a local places mediate and alter processes - EX: lack of hamburgers in India
