AP Human Geography EVERYTHING – Flashcards
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What is a map?
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A two dimensional model of Earth's surface, or a portion of it.
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What is a place?
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A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.
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What is a region?
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An area of Earth distinguished by a distinctive combination of cultural and physical features.
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What is scale?
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The relationship between a map's distances and the actual distances on Earth.
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What are connections?
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Relationships among people and objects across a barrier of space.
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What is cartography?
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The science of map-making.
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Where did the earliest surviving maps come from?
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Babylonian clay tablets.
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Who was the first to demonstrate that Earth is spherical?
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Aristotle.
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Who was the first person to use the word 'geography'?
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Eratosthenes.
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What is projection?
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The method of transferring locations on Earth's surface to a map.
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What is GIS?
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Geographic Information System. A computer that can capture, store, query, analyze, and display geographic data.
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What is remote sensing?
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The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite.
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What is GPS?
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Global Positioning System. A system that determines one's exact location on Earth.
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What is location?
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The position that something occupies on Earth's surface.
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What is a toponym?
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The name given to a place on Earth.
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Place names have what kind of origins in Brazil?
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Portuguese.
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Place names have what kind of origins in S. Africa?
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Dutch.
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What is The Board of Geographical Names?
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A committee established in the late nineteenth century to be the final arbiter of names on U.S. maps.
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What is site?
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The physical character of a place.
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What is situation?
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The location of a place relative to other places.
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What is Meridian?
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Longitude. An arc drawn between the North and South poles.
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Parallel.
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Latitude. A circle drawn around the globe PARALLEL to the equator.
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What is GMT?
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Greenwich Mean Time. The internationally agreed upon official time reference for Earth.
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What is the International Date Line?
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The longitude at which one moves forward or backward 1 day.
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What is cultural landscape?
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Defined by Carl Sauer, it is the area of Earth modified by human habitation.
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What is a formal region?
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An area within which everyone shares one or more distinctive characteristics.
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What is a functional region?
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An area organized around a node or focal point.
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What is a vernacular/perceptual region?
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A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.
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What is a mental map?
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One's perceived image of the surrounding landscape's organization.
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What is culture?
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The body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people.
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What is cultural ecology?
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The geographic study of human-environment relations.
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Factors with similar distributions have what?
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Spatial association.
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What is environmental determinism?
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The belief that the physical environment directly CAUSES social development.
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Who were the pioneers of environmental determinism?
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Alex con Humboldt and Carl Ritter.
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What is possibilism?
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The counter to environmental determinism; the belief that while environment may limit certain actions of a people, it cannot TOTALLY predestine their development, and humans may adapt.
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What are resources?
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The substances found on Earth that are useful to people.
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Climate of often classified using a system developed by who?
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German Vladimir Koppen.
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Vladimir Koppen's climate classifications divides Earth into 5 climate regions, which are...
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Tropical climates, dry climates, warm mid-latitude climates, cold mid-latitude climates, and polar climates.
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What is a polder?
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A piece of land that is created by draining water from an area.
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What European country has been thoroughly modified again and again?
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The Netherlands.
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What US state has been insensitively altered to a great extent?
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Florida.
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What is globalization?
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A process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope.
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How is globalization affecting the world's economy?
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Globalization allows money and products to be transacted very, very quickly, with thanks to modern technology. However, it has heightened economic differences among some places.
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How is globalization affecting world cultures?
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Smaller cultures are slowly diminishing as popular culture takes over, and many argue that "western" culture is destroying many other cultures. Wow I said "culture" a lot.
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Tired of studying for AP?
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HERE'S A DOG.
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What is distribution?
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The arrangement of a feature in a space.
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What is density?
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The frequency with which something occurs.
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What is arithmetic density?
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The total number of people per unit of arable land.
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What is physiological density?
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The total number of people per unit of arable land.
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What is agricultural density?
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The total number of farmers per unit of arable land.
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What is concentration?
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The extent of a feature's spread of space.
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What is pattern?
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The geometric arrangement of objects in space.
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What is space-time compression?
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The reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place.
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What is distance decay?
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The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.
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What is diffusion?
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The process by which a characteristic spreads over space.
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Innovations spread from the place they originated, called...
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Hearths.
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What are the two kinds of diffusion?
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Relocation and expansion.
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What is relocation diffusion?
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The spread of an idea through the physical movements of people.
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What is expansion diffusion?
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The spread of an idea through "snowballing." This is further divided into 3 subgroups.
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What are the 3 subgroups of expansion diffusion?
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Hierarchical, contagious, and stimulus.
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What is hierarchical diffusion?
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The spread of something from one key person or node of authority and power to other lower persons or places.
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What is contagious diffusion?
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The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.
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What is stimulus diffusion?
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The spread of an underlying principle, even if the characteristic itself fails to diffuse.
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What is demography?
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The scientific study of population characteristics.
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What is overpopulation?
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The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
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For what three reasons is the study of population critically important right now?
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1. More people are alive now than any other point in Earth's history. 2. The world's population has increased a lot lately. 3. Virtually all population growth is concentrated in LDCs.
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Where is two-thirds of the world's population clustered, in order of highest population to lowest population.
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East Asia, South Asia, Europe, Southeast Asia.
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All of the top population clusters have what similarities?
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Easy access to water, low lying areas, fertile soil, temperate climate.
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How much of the world's population live in East Asia?
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1/5.
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What countries does the East Asian region include?
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Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, and China.
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What is the world's most populous country?
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China.
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Name some of the fertile valleys in China that population is clustered around/in.
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Yangtze and Huang.
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What countries does the South Asian region include?
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India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.
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Where are the highest populations in Europe?
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Near the coalfields of England, Germany, and Belgium.
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What countries does the Southeast Asian region include?
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Islands of Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, and Philippines.
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What is ecumene?
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The portion of Earth's surface permanently occupied by humans.
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Humans sparsely inhabit lands that are too...
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Dry, wet, cold, or high.
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What is the equation for arithmetic density?
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Total number of people divided by total land area.
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What kind of agricultural density do MDCs have, and why?
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A low agricultural density because they have technology to make up for farmers. This frees farmers to work in factories and such.
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What is CBR?
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Crude birth rate. The total number of live births per every 1000 people per year.
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What is CDR?
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Crude death rate. The total number of deaths per every 1000 people per year.
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What is NIR?
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Natural increase rate. The percentage by which a population grows in a year, excluding migration.
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What is doubling time?
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The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant NIR.
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What is TFR?
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Total fertility rate. The average number of births a woman will have in her lifetime during her childbearing years.
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What is IMR?
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Infant mortality rate. The annual number of deaths of infants under one year old compared to number of live births.
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What is life expectancy?
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The average a number of years a newborn can expect to live at current mortality levels.
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About how many people are being added to the world yearly?
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80 million.
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The worlds NIR in the first decade of the 21st century is...?
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1.2%
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Virtually 100% of the world's Natural Increase is located where?
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LDCs.
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Where is NIR highest?
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LDCs.
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Where is TFR highest?
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LDCs.
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Where is CBR highest?
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LDCs.
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Where is CDR highest?
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LDCs.
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Where is IMR highest?
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LDCs.
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Where is life expectancy highest?
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MDCs.
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Where is doubling time higher?
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MDCs.
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What is a geographic model that divides a country's development into 4 stages based on its population growth patterns?
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The demographic transition.
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Most of humanitys occupancy on Earth was characterized by which stage of the demographic transition?
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The first.
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During the first stage of the demographic transition, which two levels vary considerably but stay relatively high?
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CBR and CDR.
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What was the NIR like in the first stage of the demographic transition?
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Stayed around zero.
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Around 8000 BC, the world population started increasing because of what?
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The agricultural revolution.
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Define the agricultural revolution.
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The first domestication of animals and plants.
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In stage 2 what happens to CDR and CBR?
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CDR plummets and CBR stays pretty much the same.
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How is the NIR in stage 2?
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It shoots up like a rocket ship.
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The reason behind many countries entering stage 2 after 1750 was...?
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The industrial revolution.
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What was the industrial revolution?
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A period of improvements in industrial technology, like the invention of steam engines and mass production.
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Why did the industrial revolution decrease CDR?
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The new machines resulted in fact agricultural production, which caused more wealth, which meant more money towards sanitation and personal hygiene.
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How many countries are still in stage 1?
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Zero duh fatso.
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Africa, Asia, and Latin America entered stage 2 when?
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Around the 1950s.
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Africa, Asia, and Latin America entered stage 2 for a different reason than the previous countries had. What was this push?
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The medical revolution.
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Define the medical revolution.
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The diffufsion of medical technology from MDCs to the LDCs.
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What were the results of the medical revolution in recent LDCs?
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They eliminated many traditional causes of death and enambled more people to experience longer and healthier lives.
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A country moves from stage 2 to 3 when CBR does what?
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When CBR begans to drop sharply.
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What happens to CDR during stage 3?
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It continues to decline, but not as rapidly as in stage 2.
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What is overall population like during stage 3?
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It continues to grow, because CBR is higher than CDR.
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How is NIR in stage 3?
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It declines.
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Why does CBR decline in stage 3?
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- Improved medical technologies ensure newborns to live a full life, so parents will have less. - People are more likely to work in offices or shops rather than in farms, so they don't need lots of kids to help with chores on the farm.
