AP Human Geography Chapter 9 Terms – Flashcards
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Core-periphery model
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a model of the spatial structure of development in which underdeveloped countries are defined by their dependence on a developed core region
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Dependency theory
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States that LDCs tend to have a higher dependency ratio, the ratio of the number of people under 15 or over 64 to the number in the labor force.
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Developed Country [More developed country (MDC)]
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a country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development
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Developing Country [Less Developed country (LDC)]
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A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development
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Development
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a process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology
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Fair Trade
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An alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker-owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organization, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards.
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Foreign direct investment
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investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country
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Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
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Compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making.
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Gender Inequality Index (GII)
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a measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality
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Gross domestic product (GDP)
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the value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally one year)
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Human Development Index (HDI)
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An indicator of the level of development for each country, constructed by the UN, that is based on income, literacty, education, and life expecancy
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International Monetary Fund (IMF)
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an international organization created for the purpose of standardizing global financial relations and exchange rates
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Literacy rate
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the percentage of a country's people who can read and write
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Nolan's stages of growth model
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Describes the role of information technology, and how it grows within an organization.
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Primary sector
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the portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and foestry
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Productivity
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the value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it
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Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
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The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country; adjusts income figures to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods
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Rostow's Development Model
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Developed the "Stages of Growth" model of economic development.
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Secondary sector
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the portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming,a nd assembling raw materials
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Semi-periphery
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Those newly industrialized countries with median standards of living; countries offer their citizens relatively diverse economic opportunities but also have extreme gaps between rich and poor.
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Structural adjustment program
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economic policies imposed on LDCs by international agencies to create conditions encourageing international trade
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Tertiary sector
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the portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people, in exchange for payment
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Transnational corporation
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A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.
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value added
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the gross value of a product minus the costs of raw materials and energy
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Wallerstein's World Systems Theory
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theory that is illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world
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World Bank
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an international organization dedicated to providing financing, advice and research to developing nations to aid their economic advancement.
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World Trade Organization (WTO)
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the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations.
