Ap Human Geography Chapter 9 Answers – Flashcards
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Purpose: To unify and strengthen the Western Allies' military response to a possible invasion of western Europe by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies.
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NATO
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Organization of American States. Purpose: Promotes social, cultural, political, and economic links among member states.
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OAS
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North American Free Trade Agreement. Purpose: Elimination of tariffs and economic gains | Increases cooperation and lowers trade restrictions between members.
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NAFTA
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European Union. Purpose: It's a union of some European countries that is based to promote development within the member states through economic cooperation. Considered a superpower because its economy is strong and the Union is large.
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EU
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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Purpose: to control worldwide prices of gas.
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OPEC
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United Nations. Purpose: After WWII, states formed a new organization to foster international security and cooperation.
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UN
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United Nations Convection on the Law Of the Seas. The international agreement that resulted from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), which took place between 1973 and 1982. Purpose: To establish a comprehensive set of rules governing the oceans and to replace previous U.N. Conventions on the Law of the Sea, one in 1958 (UNCLOS I) and another in 1960 (UNCLOS II), that were believed to be inadequate.
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UNCLOS
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A seperate entity composed of three or more states that forge an association and from an administrative structure for mutual benefit in pursuit of shared goals (political, military, economic). Ex. NATO, NAFTA, EU, UN.
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Supranational Organization
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The Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact satellites versus the United States and its close allies in Western Europe. So the United States and the United Kingdom against the Soviet Union. Demise of communism in Eastern Europe.
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Cold War
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World War I led to its creation (1919). Woodrow Wilson, president of the U.S., proposed an international organization that would include all the states of the world. The league was born of a world-wide desire to prevent future aggression, but the failure of the U.S. to join dealt the organization a severe blow.
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League of Nations
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In political geography, the translation of the written terms of a boundary treaty (the definition) into an official cartographic representation.
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Delimit
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In political geography, the actual placing of a political boundary on the landscape by means of barriers, fences, walls, or other markers.
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Demarcate
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Political boundary defined and elicited (and occasionally demarcated) as a straight line or an arc. | Latitude, Longitude. 49° north altitude that separates the U.S. and Canada: Boundary established in 1846 by a treaty between U.S. and Great Britain.
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Geometric Boundary
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Political boundary defined and delimited (and occasionally demarcated) by a prominent physical feature in the natural landscape- such as a river or the crest ridges of a mountain range.
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Physical Boundary (natural- political)
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Postulated that a country, which is an aggregate of organisms (people), would itself function and behave like an organism (rats)... to survive, a state requires nourishment- in the global context, this means territory- to gain political power. Ratzel gained a negative reputation when Hitler and the Nazis embraced geopolitics to justify their right for lebensranm (living space) because of their racialmsuperiority. (Aryan).
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[Friedrich] Ratzel's Organic Theory (Germany)
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"Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland Who rules the Heartland Commands the World Islands Who rules the World Island commands the world". Resource-rich "heartland" of Eastern Europe could eventually dominate the world. Not the United Kingdom (an oven-based empire), but Russia (which was becoming communist) would be in a position to achieve this dominance. (Satellite Nations)
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Mackinder's Heartland Theory (1904)
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Countered Heartland Theory by staying that Eurasia's rimland, the coastal areas, is the key to controlling the World Island. Whoever would control the rimland, would eventually control the World Island. Whoever controlled the World Island would soon control the world.
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Spykman's Rimland Theory (1942): Coastal Regions
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A state that encompasses a very small land area. 23 are recognized, they are in the UN. Many are islands. Ex. Barbados, Dominica, St. Lucia
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Microstate
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Independent states used by major powers to reduce mutual conflict ("satellite" states are dominated by a major power- but are technically independent). Ex. Eastern Europe during the Cold War; Mongolia; Nepal.
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Buffer
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Distance from the center to the boundary is short/equal. Ex. Poland | Ideal- theoretically very efficient.
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Compact Shape
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Compact state with large projecting extensions. Ex. Congo, Indonesia, Namibia | Projecting extensions- established to either prevent other state from contact, or to access resources.
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Prorupt Shape
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Long and narrow. Ex. Chile, Italy | Long, narrow shape- may cause isolation for a portion of the country.
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Elongated Shape
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Several discontinued pieces. Ex. U.S., Indonesia | Discontinuous territory- usually islands today.
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Fragmented Shape
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Completely surrounds another state. Ex. South Africa surrounds Lesotho | One state completely surrounds another- an enclave.
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Perforated Shape
