Ap Human Geography Chapter 7: Ethnicity Answers – Flashcards
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Ethnicity
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Identity with a group of people who share the same cultural traditions of a particular homeland/hearth. Not to be confused with race. (Ex: Vietnamese, Mexican, Cherokee, Slavic Russian, African American, etc.)
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Race
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Identity with a group of people who share a common biological ancestor. Not related through cultural values, but rather biological ancestry. (Ex: Asian, African, Caucasian, Middle Eastern, etc.)
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Nationality
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Identity with a group of people who share the same legal attatchment and personal allegiance to a particular country. Identty of people who are citizens or residents or identify themselves as part of a state or nation. (Ex: American, English, French, etc.)
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Nationalism
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Loyalty and devotion to a nationality. Promotes a sense of national consciousness that exalts one nation above all others and emphasizes its culture and interests. (Ex: The French Revolution was fueld by those who considered themselves of French nationality and their devotion to the nation, not as subjects of their king.)
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Aparthied
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Physical separation of different races into geographic areas. South Africa's apartheid system segregrated newborn babies at birth. (Ex: Only white people could ride a certain section of the bus, while blacks were segregrated in a different area.)
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Triangular slave trade
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Efficient triangular trading pattern. Ships left Europe, went to Africa for trading and slaves, then to the Western Hemisphere to transport slaves. From the Western Hemisphere, goods came back to Europe. (Ex: Cloth went to Africa to be exchanged for slaves > Slaves went to the Americas to work > Goods like sugar and molasses went back to Europe.)
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Self-determination
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Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves. Due to this, ethnic groups may be transformed into nationalities. (Ex: The source of the Balkan crisis before WWI was self-determination. Serbia wanted to rule itself, rather than stay under Austro-Hungarian rule.)
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Sharecropper
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Works fields rented from the landowner and pays the rent by turning over to the landowner a share of crops. To obtain seed, food, and tools, credit is given to the sharecroppers, who repays the debt back with crops. (Ex: Poor African Americans after slavery and the Civil War worked as sharecroppers to earn money. This was an inefficient way for them to actually earn any money for themselves, as the debt was too big to pay off in crops.)
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Centripetal force
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An attitude that lends to unify people and enhance support for a state. Most nation-states find the best way to achieve citizen-support is to enhance shared attitudes that unify the people. (Ex: sport, holidays, events, etc.)
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Multi-ethnic state
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A state that contains more than one ethnicity. Some multi-ethnic states hae ethnicities to combine a shared nationality. (Ex: Flemish and Walloons in Belgium both consider themselves of Belgian nationality.)
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Multinational state
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Contain two ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities. In some states, one nationality tries to dominate another, which may be the minority. (Ex: In the U.K.: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland make up a multinational state. In history, the English have tried to dominate over the rest of the nationalities.)
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Nation-state
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A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality. the territory of the state corresponds with the territory of which is occupied by an ethnicity. (Ex: Denmark, Japan.)
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Blockbusting
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Real estate agebts convinced white homeowners living near a black area to sell their houses at low prices, preying on their fears that black families will move into the neighborhood and decline values. Agents then sold houses to blacks for higher prices. (Ex: practiced during the "White Flight" of the 1960s.)
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Ethnic cleansing
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Process in which a more powerful ethnic group focibly removes a less powerful group in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region. One ethnicity kills another ethnicity to make an ethnically pure territory. (Ex: Hutus kill Tutsis in Rwanda, Serbs kill Bosnian Muslims in Bosnia & Herzegovina.)
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Ethnic culture region
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Homeland of an ethnic culture. (Ex: Saudi Arabia is the ethnic homeland of Muslims. Therefore the Middle East is the ethnic culture region of the Muslims.)
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Balkanization
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The process by which a state breaks down through many conflicts among its ethnicities. A threat to world peace, not just in a small area. (Ex: The Balkan crisis started WWI.)
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Balkanized
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Used to describe a small geographic area that could not be sucessfully organized into one or more stable states. The area is inhabited by many ethnicities with long-standing antagonisms toward each other. (Ex: Balkans, the Congo, Kashmir.)
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Ethnographic boundary
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State and national boundaries that are drawn to follow distinct differences in cultural traits such as religion, language, or ethnic identity. State's boundary closely follows the distinct ethnicity of a nation. (Ex: Denmark's boundary with Germany cuts off where Danes meet Germans.)
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Ethnic flag
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Flag that symbolizes a certain ethnic group. Introduced to the ehtnic community through respective cultural or poiltical ethnic minorities and some majorities.
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Stateless nation
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Nation that does not have a state. A nation of people can be split into other states without their own physical territory. (Ex: The Kurdish; Turkish Muslims split among different states in Central Asia and West Asia. They do not have their own state.)
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Centrifugal force
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An apparent force that acts outward on holding the country together. A force that divides people and countries. (Ex: Ethnic diversity in Yugoslavia led to its breakup; different religions in Israel led to conflict.)
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Environmenatl racism
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Placement of low-income or nimority-comminities in proximity of environmental hazardous or degrated environments. Poor or minority communities are located near dangerous and unwanted land. (Ex: pollution, toxic waste dump, sewage dump, landfills, etc.)
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UNCLOS
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1982 United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea. Most comprehensive attempt at creating a unified regime for governance of the rights of nations with respect the world's oceans. The laws of a country's extent of control over their coasts and oceans.
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Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
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A sea zone prescribed by UNCLOS over which state has special rights regarding the exploration and use of marine resources, including energy production from water and wind. (Ex: Up to 200 nautical miles from baseline, only the country of the baseline can do business there.)
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Regionalism
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The theory or practice of regional rather than central systems of administration or economic, cultural, or political affiliation. Policy that defines the international interests of a country in forms of particular geographic area.
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Shatterbelt
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An area of instability between regions with opposing political and cultural values. The coundary where conflicts relating to political or cultural values are prone to starting. (Ex: The Balkans, where Eastern Orthodox, Catholics, and Muslims meet; Kashmir, where Indian Hindus and Persian Muslims meet.)
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Supranationalism
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Method of decision-making in multinational political communities wheren power is transferred or delegated to an authority by governments or member states. (Ex: European Union--different nationalities give up power for a greater combined power.)
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Subnationalism
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The policy of asserting the interests of one's own state/region/province as separate from the interests of the nation and common interests of all other states/regions/provinces. One state/province is given priority over the others. (Ex: In history, England was given priority over the other states in Great Britain.)
