Ap Human Geography Chapter 7 Test Questions – Flashcards
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Multinational State
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A state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determinism that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.
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Immigrant States
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A type of receiving state which is the target of many immigrants.
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Nation-State
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A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality.
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Stateless Nation
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A nationality that is not represented by a state.
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Territoriality
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A country's or more local community's sense of property and attachment towards its territory.
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Raison d'étre
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The most important reason or purpose for someone or something's existence.
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City-State
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A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediately surrounding countryside.
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Self-Determinism
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The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves.
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Irredentism
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Any political or popular movement intended to reclaim and reoccupy a lost homeland.
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Enclave
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A portion of territory within or surrounded by a larger territory whose inhabitants are culturally or ethnically distinct.
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Exclave
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A portion of territory of one state completely surrounded by territory or another or others, as viewed by the home territory.
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Buffer State
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A country lying between two rival or potential hostile greater powers.
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Satellite State
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A country that is formally independent in the world, but under heavy political, economic, and military influence or control from another country.
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Natural/Physical Boundaries
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Boundaries that are made by important physical features on Earth's surface.
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Enthnographic/Cultural Boundaries
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Boundaries between states that coincide with differences in ethnicity, especially language and religion.
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Geometric Boundaries
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Straight lines that serve as political boundaries that are unrelated to physical and/or cultural differences.
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Relic Boundaries
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They no longer exist as international boundaries.
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Boundary Landscape
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A treaty-like, legal sounding document is drawn up in which actual points in the landscape are described.
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Frontier
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An area not yet full integrated into a politically organized area.
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Manifest Destiny
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A policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable.
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Antecedent Boundary
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A political boundary that existed before a cultural landscape emerged and stayed in a place while people moved into occupy the surroundings.
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Subsequent Boundary
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A political boundary that developed contemporaneously with the evolution of the major elements of cultural landscape.
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Superimposed Boundary
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A political boundary placed by powerful outsiders on a developed human landscape.
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Definition Phase in Boundary Creation
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Phase in which the exact location of a boundary is legally described an negotiated.
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Delimitation Phase in Boundary Creation
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The translation of the written terms of a boundary treaty into an official cartography representation.
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Demarcation Phase in Boundary Creation
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Phase in which the boundary is visibly marked on the landscape by a fence, line, sign, wall or other means
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Administration Phase of Boundary Creation
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A phase in which a government enforces the boundary it has created.
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Definitional Boundary Dispute
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Conflict over the language of the border agreement in a treaty or boundary contract.
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Positional/Locational Boundary Dispute
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Territorial dispute along the edge of two neighborhood land owners.
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Territorial Boundary Disputes
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Any dispute over land ownership.
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Resource/Allocational Boundary Disputes
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Dispute over land and resources.
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Operational/Functional Boundary Disputes
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Boundaries that move according to operations or functions.
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Unitary States
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An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials.
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Federal State
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An internal organization of a state that allocated most powers to units of local governments.
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Confederation
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The act of forming an alliance or confederation.
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Territorial Morphology
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A State's physical shape.
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Fragmented State
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A state that is not contagious whole but rather separated parts.
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Elongated State
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A state whose territory is load and narrow in shape.
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Compact State
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A state that possesses a wrought circular, oval, or rectangular territory in which the distance from the geometric center is relatively equal in all directions.
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Prorupt (Protruded) State
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A type of territorial shape that exhibits a narrow, elongated land extension leading away from the main body of the territory.
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Perforated State
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A state whose territory completely surrounds that of another state.
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Microstate/Ministrate
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A state or territory that is small in both size and population.
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Core Area
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A region in the home range that is used frequently.
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Periphery Area
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The outer regions or boundaries of an area.
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Capital
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Principle city in a state or country.
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Forward-Thrust Capital
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Capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory usually near an international border, it confirms the states determination to maintain its presence in the region in contention.
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Nationalism
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Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality.
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National Iconography
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Figural representations, either individual or symbolic, religious or secular; more broadly, the art of representation by pictures or images, which may or may not have a symbolic as well as an apparent or superficial meaning.
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Centripetal Forces
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An attitude that tend to unify people and enhance support for a state.
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Centrifugal Forces
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A force that divides people and countries.
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Balkanization
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A process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities.
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Devolution
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The process of declining from a higher to a lower level of effective power or vitality or essential quality.
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Regionalism
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The loyalty to the interests of a particular region.
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Nunavut
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An arctic territory in northern Canada created in 1999 and governed solely by the Inuit.
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Ethnic Conflict
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A type f conflict that occurs when different tribes are lumped together to form a country.
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Shatterbelt
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A region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals.
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Reunification
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The act of coming together again.
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Supranationalism
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A venture involving 3 or more national states political economic or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives.
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United Nation
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An organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security.
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European Union
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An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.
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Organization of American States (OAS)
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An international organization, headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States.[1] Its members are the thirty-five independent states of the Americas. It is the world's oldest regional organization.
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United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
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A code of maritime law approved by the United Nations in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles (22km) from shore and 200-nautical-mile-wide (370-km-wide) exclusive economic zones.
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Median-Line Principle
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Lines made to distribute water ways when states are within 200 miles of each other.
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Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
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As established in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a zone of exploitation extending 200 nautical miles (370km) seaward from a coastal state that has exclusive mineral and fishing rights over it.
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Geopolitics
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The study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of the states.
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
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An international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security.
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Warsaw Pact
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Treaty signed in 1950 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania.
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Iron Curtain
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An impenetrable barrier of communication or information especially as imposed by rigid censorship and security. Made by Winston Churchill
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Electoral Geography
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The study of the interactions among space, place and region and the conduct and results of elections.
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Suffrage
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A legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US constitution.
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Women's Enfranchisement
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The right of voting when given to women.
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Annexation
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The formal act of acquiring something (especially territory) by conquest or occupation.
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Gerrymander
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An act of gerrymandering (dividing a voting area so as to give your own party an unfair advantage).
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Reapportionment
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A new apportionment (especially a reallotment of congressional seats in the United States on the basis of census results).
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Domino theory
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The political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.
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Geopolitical Theory (Organic Theory/Ratzel's Theory)
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The view that states resemble biological organisms with life cycles that include all stages of life.
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Mackinder's Heartland Theory
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Sir Halford John Mackinder was a British geographer who wrote a paper in 1904 called "The Geographical Pivot of History." Mackinder's paper suggested that the control of Eastern Europe was vital to control of the world. He formulated his hypothesis as: Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland Who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island Who rules the World-Island commands the world Mackinder's Heartland (also known as the Pivot Area) is the core area of Eurasia, and the World-Island is all of Eurasia (both Europe and Asia).
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Spykman's Rimland Theory
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(in class)
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Cleavage Model
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A political-geographical model suggesting that persistent regional patterns in voting behavior, sometimes leading to separatism, can usually be explained in terms of tensions ptting urban against rural, core against periphery, capitalists against workers, and power group against minority culture.
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Imperialism
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Any instance of aggressive extension of authority.
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Colonialism
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The exploitation by a stronger country of weaker one.
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Treaty Ports
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Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the treaty ports, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality.
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Conference of Berlin (1884)
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Regulated trade and colonization in Africa. It formalized the scramble to gain colonies in Africa and set up boundaries for each country's colonies.
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Decolonization
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The action of changing from colonial to independent status.
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Dependency Theory
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The notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former.
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Neo-Colonialism
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The geopolitical practice of using capitalism, business globalization, and cultural imperialism to influence a country, in lieu of either direct military control (imperialism) or indirect political control (hegemony).
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Global Commons
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Those parts of our environment available to everyone but for which no single individual has responsibility--the atmosphere, fresh water, forests, wildlife, and ocean fisheries.
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Antarctica
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It is the largest land mass in the world not part of a sovereign state. Territorial claims are suspended on Antarctica.
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Land-Locked State
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A state that is surrounded entirely or almost entirely by land.
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Theocracy
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The belief in government by divine guidance.
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Terrorism
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The calculated use of violence (or threat of violence) against civilians in order to attain goals that are political or religious or ideological in nature.
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Political Ecology
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The study of the relationships between political, economic and social factors with environmental issues and changes.
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Sharia Law
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The body of Islamic law.
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