AP Human Geography: Chapter 5 Vocab – Flashcards
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Accent
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a distinctive pronunciation of language, associated with a nation, locality, or social class
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Acculturation
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the process of adopting the cultural traits or social pattterns of another group
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Afro-Asiatic
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used in 24 countries of South West Asia and North Africa. 1 of 6 official languages of the UN
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American Sign Language
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emerged as a language from the American School of the Deaf in 1817
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Assimilation
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the process of adapting or adjusting to the culture or group or nation
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British Received Pronunciation (BRP)
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the accent of standard English in the UK
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Conquest theory
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the theory that early Proto-Indo-European speakers spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tounges
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Creole or creolized language
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Language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated
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Cuneiform
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triangular or wedge shaped characters used in writing
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Denglish
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commbination of German and English
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Dialect
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A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronouncination
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Dispersal hypothesis
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hypothesis that the Indo-European languages that were first carried eastward into Southwest Asia, next around the Caspian Sea, and then across the Russian-Ukrainian plains and on into the Balkans
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Ebonics
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Dialect spoken by some African Americans
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Esperanto
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an artificial language invented by L. L. Zannenhof in 1887 intended for international used. based on words roots of major European languages
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Extinct language
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A language once spoken by people in daily activities but is no longer used
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Franglais
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English words that have entered the French language
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Germanic languages
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spoken in Scandinavia
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Gothic language
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extinct language that was mainly spoken by people in Northern & Eastern Europe in the 3rd century
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Grimm's Law
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a set of statements made by Jacob Grimm describing the inherited Proto-Indo-European stop consonants as they developed in Proto-Germanic in 1st millennium BC
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Gullah
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creolized form of English spoken by Gullans. Contains many words and grammatical features derived from African languages
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Hebrew language
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extinct language that has been revived mostly by Eliezar Ben-Yehuda after it became an official language in Israel along with Arabic
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Ideograms
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a written symbol that represents an idea or object directly
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Idiom
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a language dialect, or style of speaking peculiar to a people
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Indo-European
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most widely used language family that is predominant in Europe, South Asia, and North and South America
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Isogloss
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Boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate
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Isolated language
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A language that is unrelated to any languages and therefore not attached to any family
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Khoisan
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a distinctive characteristic of that language is the use of clicking sounds
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Language
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A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning
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Language branch
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A collection of langauges related through a common ancestor that existed several 1000 years ago. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families.
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Language convergence
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languages form together into one
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Language divergence
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new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects
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Language family
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A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history
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Language group
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A collection of langauges within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocab
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Language isolate
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a natural language with no relationship to other languages and has not been linked to a certain ancestor
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Language sub-family
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divisions within a language family where the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent
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Lingua franca
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A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native langauges
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Linguistic fragmentation
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many languages spoken by a small group of people
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Linguistic geography
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the study of the geographical distribution of linguistic features
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Literary tradition
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a language that is written as well as spoken
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loan words
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words borrowed from a donor language and incorporated into a recipient language without translation
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logogram
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a symbol that represents a word rather than a sound
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Malayo-Polynesian
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the largest branch of the Austronesian language family
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multilingual
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using or able to speak several or many languages with some facility
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mutual intelligibility
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the ability for 2 speakers of the same language to understand each other
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Niger-Congo language family
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used by more than 95% or people in sub-saharan Africa
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nomadic warrior thesis
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the 1st Proto-Indo-European speakers were the Kurgans near the border between Russia and Kazakhstan
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nostratic
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language believed to be the ancestral language of Proto-Indo-European, the Kartvelian languages, the Uralic-Altaic languages (including Hungarian, Finnish, Turkish, and Mongolian), the Dravadian languages, and the Afro-Asiatic language family
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official language
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the language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents
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oral tradition
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cultural material and tradition transmitted orally from 1 generation to another
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patois
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a regional form of a language (especially French) that differs from the standard, literary form of the language
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phonemes
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the basic distinctive units of speech sound from which words and sentences are represented
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pictographic writing
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an ideogram that conveys its meaning through pictorial resemblance to a physical object
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pidgin language
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a form of speech that adopts a simplified grammer and limited vocab of a lingua franca; used for communications among speakers of 2 different languages
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preliterate society
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a society that has not developed a written language
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proto-language
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a language that is usually hypothetical or reconstructed and believed to have been the ancestor of current languages
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Quebecois
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the variety of French spoken in the province of Quebec
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Renfrew Hypothesis
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three areas in and near the first agricultural hearth gave rise to three language families: Indo-European, Arabic Languages, and mid-eastern languages
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Romance languages
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languages such as French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Portuguese that lie in the areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed
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Rosetta Stone
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a stone that was inscribed with Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, Demotic Script, and Ancient Greek that depicted the same decree. Provided the key to modern understanding of Egyptian Hierographs
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runic alphabet
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a set of related letters which were used to write some Germanic languages before the adoption of the Latin alphabet
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semitic
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sub-family of afroasiatic languages
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Sino-Tiberian
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family that encompasses languages spoken in China and several smaller countries in Southeast Asia
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slavic languages
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a language branch that is divided into a East, West, South, and Baltic group
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social dialect
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a variety of language associated with a social group such as a socioeconomic class, ethnic group, or age group
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spanglish
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a combinations of Spanish and English spoken by Hispanic Americans
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speech community
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a group of speakers who share a language and patterns of language use
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sprachbund
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a group of languages that have common features resulting from geographical proximity of language
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standard language
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the form of a language used for official government, business, education, and mass communications
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toponymy
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the study of place names
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vernacular
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native or indigenous
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Vulgar Latin
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form of latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to standard dialect, which was used for official documents
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Walloon
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the French dialect spoken by the Walloons
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William Jones
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proposed the existence of a relationship among Indo-European languages
