AP Human Geography Chapter 3 – Spatial Interaction – Flashcards
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Complementarity
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the actual or potential relationship between two places, usually referring to economic interactions. Clearly demonstrated in the movement of crude / refined petroleum in int'l trade.
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Distance Decay
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the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction
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Friction of Distance
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The increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance.
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Gravity Model
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A mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other.
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Intervening Opportunity
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the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away
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Law of Retail Gravitation
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law that states that people will be drawn to larger cities to conduct their business because larger cities have a wider influence on the hinterlands that surround them
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Movement Bias
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any aggregate control on or regularity of movement of people, commodities, or communication. (Included are distance bias, direction bias, and network bias.)
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Network
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A set of routes and the set of places that they connect
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Potential Model
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provides an estimate of the interaction opportunities available to a center of a network
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Reilly's Breaking-Point Law
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two cities will attract trade from intermediate locales in direct proportion to the populations of the two cities and inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the two cities to the intermediate place (law of retail gravitation)
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Spatial Interaction
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the movement of people, goods and ideas within and across geographic space. other examples: int'l trade, movement of semitrailers on expressways, radio broadcasts, phone calls
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Transferability
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the ease (or difficulty) in which a good may be transported from one area to another. It is a function of 3 conditions: value/characteristic of the product, distance measured in time & $, and ability of the item to bear the cost of movement. *if the time / cost of moving over distance is too much, exchange cannot occur
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barrier
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A geographic feature that impedes spatial interaction either by blocking totally, slowing it down, or redirecting.
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First Law of Geography
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by geographer Waldo Tobler, closer places interact more and tend to be more similar than places that are far apart.
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link
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A transportation or communication connection or route within a network
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node
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An origin, destination, or intersection place in a communication or transportation network
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space-time compression
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Expressions of the extent to which improvements in transportation and communication have reduced the friction of distance and permitted rapid diffusion of ideas across space.
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3 Fundamental conditions governing all forms of spatial interaction
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complementarity, transferability, intervening opportunity **Model by geographer Edward Ullman
