Ap Human Geography: Chapter 2 Flashcard
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Industrial Revolution
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led to the transition of North America and Europe to Stage 2 of Demographic Transition. Involved major improvements in manufacturing goods and delivering them to a market
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medical revolution
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medical technology invented in Europe and North America has diffused to developing countries, improved medical practices eliminated many traditional causes of death and enabled longer, healthier lives
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zero population growth (zpg)
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a term often applied to stage 4 countries, CBR is slightly higher than CDR
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maternal mortality rate
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the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management
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population pyramid
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a bar graph that displays the percentage of a place's population for each age and gender
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epidemiology
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is the brach of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a particular time and are produced by some special causes not generally present
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the four major population concentration locations
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Europe, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia
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emerging clusters of population concentration location
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Africa, Northeastern USA, Southeastern Canada
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reasons why the study of population is important
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more people are alive at this time than at any other ever, virtually all global population growth is concentrated in developing countries, the worlds population rate is increasing faster than ever
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overpopulation
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occurs when the number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at decent standards of living
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overpopulation is a concern
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overpopulation is threatening some countries, environments can support these numbers of people
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census
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the single most important data source for population geography
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two controversies regarding the census in many countries
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non-participation: less developed countries have inaccurate census sampling: statistical sampling techniques can be used to get a more accurate count {developed areas may oppose}
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east asia
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home to 1/4 of world's population, most populous country, 4th largest country in terms of land mass, population clustered near coast, rivers, valleys, mountains
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south asia
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home to 1/4 of world's population, population concentrated near India's coastlines
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southeast asia
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home to 600 million people, population concentrated near rivers, valleys, and deltas
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europe
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3/4 of inhabitants live in cities, population concentrated near major rivers and coalfields of Germany and Belgium
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eastern north america
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home to 100 million people, population concentrated mostly along the coast
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west africa
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2 major clusters, 300 million people each, mostly agriculture
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ecumene
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the portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement
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non-ecumene
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the portion of Earth's surface that is uninhabited or very sparsely populated by human settlement
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sparsely populated lands
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dry lands, wet lands, cold lands, high lands
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dry lands
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are sparsely populated because they are too dry for farming and couldn't feed a population, these lands occupy 20% of Earth's land surface
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wet lands
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are sparsely populated because a combination of rain and heat depletes nutrients from soil and hinders agriculture
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cold lands
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are sparsely populated because they are unsuitable for planting crops, few animals can survive in these conditions
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high lands
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are sparsely populated because they are steep, snow covered, and have a high altitude
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arithmetic density
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used to find the total number of objects in an area (# of people / total land area)
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physiological density
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the number of people supported by a unit area of arable land
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arable land
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land suited for agriculture
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occurs when the rate of physiological density increases
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land may be unable to support and feed the growing population
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agricultural density
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the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land
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natural increase rate (NIR)
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the percentage by which a population grows each year (growth rate excludes migration)
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1.2%
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NIR today
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2.2% - 1963
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global NIR peak and when it happened
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doubling time
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the number of years it takes to double a population, assuming a constant NIR
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life expectancy
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the average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic and medical conditions
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crude birth rate (CBR)
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the total of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
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crude death rate (CDR)
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the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
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80 million
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number of people added to the world's population each year
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Africa and South Asia
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what world regions is the most population growth occuring
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total fertility rate (TFR)
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the number of children a woman will have throughout her child bearing years
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2.5 average children
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global "average" TFR
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demography
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the scientific study of population characteristics (age, gender, occupation, fertility, health)
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Europe
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what country has the lowest TFR
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Sub-Sahara Africa
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what country has the highest TFR
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demographic transition
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a process with several stages and every country is in one of the stages
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high CBR, low NIR, high CDR (low growth)
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Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model
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high CBR, high NIR, declining CDR (high growth)
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Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model
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declining CBR, moderate NIR, declining CDR (moderate growth)
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Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model
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low CBR, no or negative NIR, low CDR (low growth)
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Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model
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no countries
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countries in stage 1 (of Demographic Transition)
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Africa - result of indusutrial and medical revolution
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countries in stage 2 and why (of Demographic Transition)
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Asia, Mexico
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countries in stage 3 (of Demographic Transition)
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Europe, China, Brazil, America
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countries in stage 4 (of Demographic Transition)
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none
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how many countries are in stage 1 (of Demographic Transition)
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most of the world
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how many countries are in stage 2 (of Demographic Transition)
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most of the world
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how many countries are in stage 3 (of Demographic Transition)
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few countries
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how many countries are in stage 4 (of Demographic Transition)
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drop in death rate from technical innovation (everywhere)
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first big break
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drop in birth rate from changing social customs (yet to be achieved in some countries)
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second big break
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industrial revolution-wealthier citizens-better health care-safer communities
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the first break came to Europe and North America because...
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medical revolution in America and Europe diffused to developing countries
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the first break came to Africa, Asia, and Latin America because...
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sex ratio
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the number of males per 100 females in the population
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105:100
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sex ratio currently (male:females)
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China and India (because of gender-based selection they have 700,000 "missing" female babies annually
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what countries have more males than females
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stage of demographic transition the country is in
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the shape of a population pyramid is determined by...
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stage 2 (broad base)
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__/__ (what demographic transition stage is this country based on the pyramid)
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stage 4 (narrowing, lopsided vase)
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lopsided vase but narrowing near bottom (what demographic transition stage is this country based on the pyramid)
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dependency ratio
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the number of people who are too young (15) or too old (65) to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years (dependents: productives)
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infant mortality rate (IMR) and life expectancy
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two important indicators of health in a country
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infant mortality rate
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the annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year, compared to total live births
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elderly support ratio ("graying of an area")
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number of people working age (15-64) divided by the number of people aged 65+
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4 ways in which healthcare is measured
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healthcare expenditures, government expenditures on health care, # of hospital beds per 10,000 people, # of physicians per 10,000 people
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developed countries
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the best health care is in ....
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epidemiologic transition
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a change in population due to distinctive health threats or medical innovations in each stage of the demographic transition model
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pestilence and famine
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stage 1 of epidemiological transition
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receding pandemics
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stage 2 of epidemiological transition
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degenerative diseases
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stage 3 of epidemiological transition
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delayed degenerative diseases
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stage 4 of epidemiological transition
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reemerging diseases
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stage 5 of epidemiological transition
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pandemic
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as seen in stage 2 of epidemiological transition, a _________ is a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affetcs a very high proportion of the population
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Thomas Malthus
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first to argue that world population was out-running development of food
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Neo-Malthusians
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a group advocating control of population growth (by contraception)
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critics of Malthus
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Malthus's view is too pessimistic and not supported by facts
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recent population growth, close to mark on resources
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how has Malthus been correct
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India grew slower than predicted, Africa grew way faster than predicted
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how Malthus was proven wrong
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decline - low CBR, declining NIR, increasing CDR
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possible stage 5 of demographic transition model
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India's population policies
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family planning, sterilization camps
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China's population policies
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one child policy, free contraceptives, societal change
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Japan's population change by 2050
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first country to reach DT stage 5, much more elderly population, unsustainable amount of working population
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reasons for Japan's population changes by 2050
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majority of female population population has chosen to work than marry and have children
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evolution (diseases), poverty (diseases), connection (pandemics)
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three reasons to help explain a possible stage 5 of Epidemiological transition
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education and contraception
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two strategies that have reduced birth rates successfully
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pill, none, IUD
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Germany's family planning methods
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IUD, sterilization, none
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China's family planning methods
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none, abstinence, other
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Nigeria's family planning methods
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$ (college), educated, more access to contraceptives
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developed countries reasons for family planning
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uneducated, no access to contraceptives, no $, children can be used to work
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undeveloped countries reasoning for family planning
