question

political geography

answer

branch of geography that deals with the boundaries, divisions, politics, governments, and possessions of a country

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political unit

answer

organizational entities at several different spatial scales that aid the study of political geography *a country or state*

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sovereignty

answer

an indicator that a particular government has complete control and jurisdiction over a defined area *indicates power

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legitimancy

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the standing or right of the government of a unit to rule a state's people or territory *United Nations

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diplomatic relations

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marks of state's legitimacy, which include sending out a state ambassador, establishing an embassy, and signing treaties

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democracy

answer

a government that is considered to rule with the consent of its people and, so, is internally legitimate but is not necessarily a government that is legitimate to other governments

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territory

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an area in which a government has some measure of sovereignty. Outside the boundaries, a government does not have sovereignty or control

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high sea

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the parts of the ocean in which no government has sovereignty or control

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chiefdoms

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tribal groups that inhabited particular places but at the same time were less likely to demarcate rigid boundaries *Migratory

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feudal system

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a system based on the principles of personal allegiance and vassalage that results in a political organization not necessarily tied to complete territorial control *Agriculture and Security

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city-states

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a system of small, city-centered states where political organization revolved around the city itself

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empires

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large political entities made up of several culturally distinct regions held together by force, under the control of a single, dominant region

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dominant

answer

Metropole is the _____ part of an empire

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subordinate

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Colonies is the ______ part of an empire

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modern state system

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a system composed of territories that are more closely controlled and integrated than political territories had been and that eventually replaced many different types of political forms

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territorial states

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political units that are supposedly independent and contain a fair amount of area

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westphalian state system

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a system based on the idea of a world composed of autonomous, clearly bounded, sovereign territorial states

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Europe

answer

______'s impact on the rest of the world cannot be dismissed. Their legacy of political organization was spread via the Age of Exploration.

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decolonization

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a trend in which colonies became independent from the states that colonized them after the United States declared its independence

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196

answer

How many states are in the modern world?

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satellite state

answer

a state with less actual sovereignty, such as the freedom to exercise its own foreign policy or even to make internal changes *Countries in Eastern Europe during the era of the Soviet Union

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micro-states

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states that are very small but are still considered to possess a certain degree of sovereignty, legitimacy, and territory

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Vatican City and Monaco

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Examples of Micro-states

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nation

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a group of people who feel that they belong together as a polity for a number of reasons

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ethnic nations

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a nation with cultural commonalities

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civic nations

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a nation with shared principles

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horizontal loyalty

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powerful loyalty to a nation that is expressed toward all the people of that nation

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vertical loyalty

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a political structure in which the people were expected to owe allegiance to the ruler

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primary loyalty

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the expectation that loyalty to a nation transcends that of other allegiances

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exclusivity

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the expectation that a person is loyal to only one nation

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homeland

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the distinct territory associated with a nation; however, unlike a state, the members of a particular nation may not be found in a territorially demarcated and contained place

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national landscapes

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includes houses, churches, parks, monuments, and all manner of things that help determine the national flavor of a place

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self-determination

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an idea whereby members of a nation are allowed to form their own sovereign state

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nationalism

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the ideology that maintains that members of a nation should be allowed to form their own sovereign state

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1) shared cultural heritage; 2) loyalty; 3) territorial expression; 4) political goals

answer

4 markers of a nation

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shared cultural heritage

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shared beliefs that help unite a group of people and distinguishes themselves from their neighbors

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loyalty

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people's allegiance towards somethign

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territorial expression

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distinct places(a homeland) with boundaries that include national landscapes

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political goals

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includes self-determination and nationalism

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nation-state ideal

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The ideal arrangement under nationalist ideology that every nation should have control over a state. Conversely, every political state should embody a specific nation

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nation-state

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a state that contains a single nation that is not disputed by anyone inside or outside

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Japan and Iceland

answer

examples of nation-states(2)

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multinational state

answer

A country that contains more than one nation, which is true for many countries. They are the norm in our modern world.

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United States and Canada

answer

Examples of multinational states

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multistate nation

answer

a nation that encompasses more than one state in which the nations may or may not have control of the state

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The Arab Nation

answer

example of a multistate nation

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stateless nation

answer

A nation that has no state to call its own. They are very common in the world today

question

Kurdistan

answer

Example of a stateless nation

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diaspora

answer

a group that identifies with a particular homeland or territory but whose members are now dispersed (causes: war or chaos)

question

Chinese in SE Asia and the Jews

answer

Example of diaspora

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Primordialism, Constructivism, and Instrumentalism

answer

three view on nations in our modern world that every geographer must understand

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primordialism

answer

the view that nations are organically grown entities, that the world is divided into different national groups that have persisted for some time and that nationalist movements represent an awakening of already significant entities

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constructivism

answer

the view that nations are artificial creations that result from modernization, elite aspirations, or a series of events that makes nation-building a much more viable approach than anything else

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instrumentalism

answer

a view that nations emerge for a particular purpose, which meets the demands of a situation

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centripetal forces

answer

factors, often posititive, that tend to unify and bring together a population

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unifying institutions

answer

institutions that help promote nationalist ideology and bring members of a nation together

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centrifugal forces

answer

factors, often negative, that tend to pull apart and disperse a population

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ethnoregionalism

answer

occurs when a minority national group is concentrated in a particular region of a country and may create small or large scale difficulties, including demands for autonomy

question

irredentist movements

answer

ethnoregional movements that do not seek to create their own independent country but, rather, to seperate from their existing state in order to join a neighboring state

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boundaries

answer

________ are an essential aspect of a political unit.

question

international boundary

answer

A line that separates one state from another. Both sides usually have claims as to where the boundary should be located and it is rare to find an unattended boundary between two sovereign states

question

borderland

answer

a region centered around the boundary between places, often containing a lot of cultural diversity

question

border

answer

the region where a boundary exists

question

line

answer

a boundary is a _____

question

area

answer

a border is a _____

question

effective national territory

answer

the notion that the legal area of a state is not coincident with the territory that it effectively controls

question

de jure area

answer

legal area

question

frontier

answer

an area at the edge of any type of effective political control or at the edge of settlement with edges that shift frequently with settlement advances or increasing military control

question

natural boundaries

answer

natural features that divide one country from another *oceans, rivers, and mountains

question

geometric boundaries

answer

lines drawn on a map without much interest in whatever natural or cultural features are present

question

antecedent boundaries

answer

a boundary created before an area is known or populated, often drawn with no recognition of the populations living there

question

subsequent boundaries

answer

Boundaries created after recognized settlement. They are meant to separate existing cultural groups and may signify an attempt to align the boundaries that exist between nations

question

militarized boundaries

answer

heavily fortified boundaries that discourage the crossing of traffic, people goods, and or information

question

open boundarires

answer

boundaries where crossing is uimpeded

question

1) disrupt traffic 2) represent division 3) edge of national identity

answer

Functions of International Boundaries

question

geopolitics

answer

the study of how geographical space-- including the types of interrelationships between states, the different functions of states, and the different patterns of states-- affects global politics

question

Mackinder, Mahan, and De Seversky

answer

early pioneers in the field of Geopolitics (3)

question

Containment Policy

answer

the US foreign policy that sought to limit the spread of communism during the Soviet era

question

nonaligned countries

answer

After WWII, the countries that were not allied with either the Soviet Union or US

question

Domino Theory

answer

the theory that looks at every political change in a country's government as a domino that causes other dominoes to fall in a chain reaction

question

geopolitical regions

answer

regions that are formed by spatial contiguity and by political, military, cultural, and economic interactions between them

question

shatterbelts

answer

regions that are politically fragmented and are often areas of competition between two ideological or two religious realms

question

critical geopolitics

answer

used to dissect the ways state boundaries are perceived, relationships between states, and the ways the world is portrayed

question

institutions

answer

things that effectively use space to administer and govern

question

Organization

answer

another term used in the place of institutions

question

political subunits

answer

the division of territory into smaller, manageable pieces

question

factories/plants, catholic dioceses

answer

examples of political subunits

question

basic efficiency, greater flexibility, and a greater degree of responsiveness

answer

pros of the political subunits approach (3)

question

subdividing territory can restrict access to some regions and proliferation can limit the ability to deal with problems

answer

cons of the political subunits approach (2)

question

political economy

answer

the relationship among the state, the members of the state, and the economic activities contain within the state.

question

private and public sectors

answer

States practice a mixed economy of both ______ and ______ ______.

question

private sector

answer

In a capitalist society, all the factories, firms, and offices responsible for producing goods and providing services that are not run by the state; includes all of the output produced by individuals working for themselves and privately owned businesses

question

public sector

answer

In a capitalist society, state-run functions including external relations, a system of adjudication or arbitration, and tax collection; includes all of the output produced by government at all levels

question

extraction economy

answer

a political economy that sought chiefly to enrich the ruler and the aristocracy and to maintain its armies; common in early modern states

question

capitalist economy

answer

an economy in which a wide variety of private concerns are dominant and the state is far less involved in the production of goods and services

question

communist economy

answer

the state assumes nearly all economic and social functions and tries to impose comprehensive control over economic activities

question

mixed economies

answer

economies in which the government controls certain economic activities it considers key or appropriate to the public trust while leaving others in the hands of the private sector

question

1) education 2)Social Welfare 3)Health Care 4)Currency 5)Business Regulation 6)Infrastructure

answer

Functions of the Modern State

question

theories of the state

answer

theories used by geographers and other scholars to discuss how states operate, particularly those within democratic, capitalist systems

question

Pluralist Theory of the State

answer

The view that the government is a neutral arbiter of all the different stakeholders. The government is elected by the people, and creates and enforces laws for the people.

question

Neoliberalism

answer

a set of policies that favor minimal government interference in markets and promotion of free trade

question

Elite Theories of the Stae

answer

The view that governments, no matter what their political ideology or their constitution, are likely to support an elite class of people

question

Marxist Theories of the State

answer

Views of the state as a vehicle promoting capitalism and the capitalist class; also those who control production

question

Authoritarian

answer

concentrated political power in a single individual

question

Autocratic States

answer

another name for Authoritarian

question

Oligarchy

answer

government in which power is in the hands of a few people or clique

question

totalitarianism

answer

the type of autocracy that has been associated with ideologies of fascism, communism, and religious fundamentalism

question

subjects

answer

In monarchical, feudal, or imperial settings, the residents of the state. They are given few rights, despite their many obligations for military service, labor, and taxation.

question

citizenship

answer

embodies the responsibilities and rights that some residents of a state posses

question

Jus Sanguinis

answer

latin for "right of blood"

question

Jus soli

answer

latin for "right of soil"

question

dual citizenship

answer

the case in which a person can be a citizen of two countries

question

unitary states

answer

states in which nearly all of the sovereignty and power reside with the central government

question

United Kingdom

answer

example of unitary states

question

federal states

answer

states in which each of the subunits is granted an independent constitutional authority, which defines its level of power, with the central state retaining greater sovereignty

question

United States

answer

example of federal states

question

confederations

answer

a system in which sovereign states agree to abridge some of their independent powers in order to work together as a group, but each state retains a great deal of sovereignty

question

USSR and Canada

answer

examples of confederations (2)

question

core region

answer

a place that can represent where the state and the dominant nationality emerged

question

capital city

answer

political center and necessary component of every state; it may or may not be in the core region, and there may be more than one in a country

question

50%

answer

About ___% of the capital cities are the largest in the state

question

capital region

answer

the area around the capital city in a country

question

introduced capitals

answer

the introduction of a new city that can serve as a capital or to designate an existing smaller city as the new capital city, rather than use existing cities to form a capital region

question

compromise capital

answer

a capital of a country that is selected as a compromise between sectional interests within the country

question

Ottawa and D.C

answer

examples of compromise capital

question

forward capitals

answer

capitals intended to help move a population toward less populated areas

question

peripheral regions

answer

In contrast to core areas, these regions are at the edge of political control, recently integrated into the state, culturally distinct, or exclaves

question

special regions

answer

political subunits that are granted different powers than those of regular subunits

question

Canada(provinces and territories) and Indian Reservaions

answer

Examples of special regions

question

exclave

answer

when a part of a state's territory is geographically seperated by another country

question

Kalingrad, Russia

answer

Example of an exclave region

question

enclave

answer

part of or an entire country surrounded by another country

question

Berlin (West Germany enclave)

answer

Example of an enclave region

question

reservations

answer

A special region, most common in the Americas, established as a territory for indigenous peoples. It usually represents just a fraction of the land that these people had previously occupied.

question

autonomous regions

answer

Areas of some countries that feel they ought to have a special status partly because of their cultural distinctiveness and are given more autonomy by their government

question

Italy's regions

answer

Example of autonomous regions

question

representative

answer

Most democracies in the world are _____

question

pure democracy

answer

all citizens have a say in all the issues pertaining to their community

question

Representative Democracy

answer

a complicated structure in which people elect representatives who are supposed to take the time to understand the issues and to represent their interests

question

electoral geography

answer

Examines how people's political preferences are manifested in representation

question

election outcomes

answer

An aspect of electoral geography lies in the interpretative of ______ _____.

question

Republican

answer

Red states are ______ party

question

Democratic

answer

Blue states are _______ party

question

contextual effect

answer

the geographical theory in which the characteristics of people in a local area help determine their political preferences; questions the overall importance of place in shaping people's attitudes or behaviors

question

neighborhood effect

answer

another name for the contextual effect

question

malapportionment

answer

manipulation in which some electoral districts vary in size even though they are equal in representation

question

US Senate

answer

example of malapportionment

question

Single Member Plurality System

answer

A system in which an entire country or political subdivision is divided into electoral districts, each of which elects only one representative

question

US, Canada, UK, and India

answer

example of single member plurality system (4)

question

Majoritarian System

answer

A system in which elections are designed such that the winner must have a majority of the overall votes; multiple rounds of voting

question

France and Australia

answer

Examples of a majoritarian system

question

list system of proportional representation

answer

A system in which each party draws up a list of candidates in each electoral district, and people tend to vote for the parties rather than for the candidates themselves

question

Israel and Italy

answer

example of a list system of proportional representation

question

Mixed System

answer

A system that combines both proportional voting, like a list system and a plurality system

question

Germany

answer

example of mixed system

question

Gerrymandering

answer

Manipulation that concentrates the support of one party or one group of people in one district and dilutes their support throughout a number of other districts; drawing boundaries to their advantage

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