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Geography

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The study of the location of people and activities across Earth and the reasons for their distributions

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Globalization

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Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope

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Forward-Thrust Capital

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A capital that has been moved from its original location in order to encourage movement of the people

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Local Diversity

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A combination of unique cultural traditions and economic practices

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The Category of Geography That Human Geography Focuses On

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The reason for human activity and physical forces to take place or occur as they do

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Two Purposes of Maps

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1. To display information (a reference tool) 2. To analyze information (a communication tool)

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Place

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A specific point on Earth that is distinguished by a particular characteristic

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Region

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An area distinguished by a distinctive combination of cultural and physical features

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Culture

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The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group's distinct tradition

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Scale

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The relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole; specifically, the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface

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Space

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The physical distance between objects

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Connections

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Relationships among people and objects across a barrier of space

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Cartography

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The science of making maps

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Thales (624?-546? BC)

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Man who used geometry to measure land area

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Anaximander (610-546? BC)

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Mapmaker who drew the first world map based on information from sailors; he portrayed the Earth as a cylinder.

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Hecateus

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Man who is thought to have produced the first geography book around 500 BC.

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Aristotle (384-322 BC)

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First person to demonstrate that the Earth is spherical by observing that matter falls together toward a common center, the Earth's shadow on the Moon is circular during an eclipse, and that the visible groups of stars change as one travels north or south.

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Erastothenes (276?-194? BC)

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The first person to use the word geography. He accepted that Earth is spherical and calculated its circumference within 0.5 percent accuracy. He also prepared one of the earliest maps of the known world, dividing Earth into five climatic regions-a torrid zone across the middle, two frigid zones at the extreme north and south, and two temperate bands in between.

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Ptolemy (AD 100?-170?)

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Wrote an eight volume "Guide to Geography" titled "Geographia."

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Phei Hsiu, or Fei Xiu

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"Father of Chinese Cartography," he produced an elaborate map of China in AD 267.

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Al-Idrisi (AD 1100-1165?)

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Built on Ptolemy's works; all maps he created helped during the Age of Exploration, forming a basis for Mercator, Ortelius, and Varenius projections.

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Ibn-Battutah (1304-1368?)

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Wrote "Rilah" ("Travels") based on three decated of journeys covering more than 120,000 kilometers through the Muslim world of northern Africa, southern Europe, and much of Asia

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Scale (Written as a Ratio)

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1/200,000 inches 1:200,000 inches 1 inch = 200,000 miles The first number is always the distance on the map. The second number is always the distance on Earth's surface

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Projection

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The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map

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The Four Things A Map Projection Distorts

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1. Shape 2. Distance 3. Relative Size 4. Direction

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Large Area On A Map

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Has a small scale

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Small Area On A Map

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Has a large scale

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Types of Projections

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1. Equal Area (interrupted) 2. Robinson (uninterrupted) 3. Mercator (uninterrupted)

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Equal Area Projection

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A map projection that shows the size of regions in correct relation to one another but distorts shape, distance, and direction

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Robinson Projection

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A projection that allows for the curvature of Earth, but depicts certain landmasses to be smaller in proportion to other countries than they actually are. It's primarily useful to people wishing to display information across oceans.

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Mercator Projection

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A projection where shape is distorted very little, direction is consistent, and the map is rectangular. It's greatest disadvantage is that area is grossly distorted toward the poles, making landmasses look much bigger than they actually are.

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Graduated/Proportional Symbol Map

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A thematic map in which the size of the symbol varies in proportion to the size or intensity of the mapped variable.

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Dot Distribution Map

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A thematic map in which a dot is used to represent a frequency/distribution of the mapped variable

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Choropleth Map

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A thematic map in which ranked classes of some variable are depicted with shading patterns or colors for predefined zones

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Isoline Map

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A thematic map in which lines connect points of equal value

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Isopleth Map

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A thematic map in which lines connect points of equal value and the intermittent areas are colored to indicate the level/value of the mapped variable

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Cartogram Map

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A thematic map in which the mapped variable is substituted for land area. Thus, when a variable X is present in large quantities in a predefined zone, the area will be enlarged.

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Land Ordinance of 1785

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A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.

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Thomas Hutchins

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Appointed geographer to the United States in 1781, he conducted much of the initial surveying for the Land Ordinance of 1785.

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Township

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A square normally 6 miles on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided much of the United States into a series of townships.

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Principal Meridian

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A north-south line used to determine the location of townships.

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Base Line

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An east-west line used to determine the location of townships.

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Public Land Survey System (PLSS)

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A system used to divide public domain lands in the United States in which land is divided into 6-mile square townships and subdivided into sections, portions of sections, or irregular lots.

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Significance of Land Ordinance of 1785

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1. It was the first mathematically designed system and nationally conducted cadastral survey in any modern country. 2. It was studied by public officials of foreign countries as a basis for land reform. 3. It helps explain the locations and distributions of objects across the United States.

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Cadastral

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Relating to the boundaries of land parcels

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French Arpent System (Long Lot System)

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A system used in Louisiana for land surveying that allowed settlers access to all types of resources on one area of land (crop land, river, forest, pasture, road, etc.)

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Geographic Information System (GIS)

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A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data. It

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Global Positioning System (GPS)

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The system that accurately determines the precise position of something on Earth.

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Three Elements Of GPS

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1. Satellites placed in predetermined orbits by the US Military (24 in operation and 3 in reserve) 2. Tracking stations to monitor and control the satellites 3. A receiver that can locate at least four satellites, figure out the distance to each, and use this information to pinpoint its own location

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Remote Sensing

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The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or from other long-distance methods

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Geocoding

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The position of any object of Earth can be measured and recorded with mathematical precision and then stored in a computer

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Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR)

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A method of remote sensing that uses a laser instead of radio waves to provide detailed topographic information and create a map of the Earth's surface accurate up to 1 meter

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Location

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The position that something occupies on the Earth

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The Four Methods Of Identifying A Place

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1. Toponym- the name of a place 2. Site- the physical character of a place (important for settlement) 3. Situation- the location of a place relative to other places 4. Mathematical location- longitude and latitude

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Cultural Landscape Approach (Regional Studies)

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An approach to studying geography that integrates cultural, economic, and physical characteristics and studies them grouped by regions.

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Humans

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The most important agents of change to the Earth's surface

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Places...

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...can be in more than one region

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Formal Region (Uniform Region) (Homogeneous Region)

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An area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics. It could be a cultural value, language, economic activity, environmental property, etc. Ex. Latin America or Northern Africa

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Functional Region (Nodal Region)

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An area focused around a node or focal point with a very strong center, or node, that gets weaker around the edges. Ex. Nashville

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Vernacular Region (Perceptual Region)

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A region that people believe exist as a part of their cultural identity. This often results from an informal sense of space. Ex. The South

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Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

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A core area containing a substantial population nucleus, together with adjacent communities having a high degree of economic and social integration with that core.

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Mental Map

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An internal representation of a portion of the Earth's surface

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Spatial Association

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Similar distributions of distinctive features in a region

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Language

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The system of signs, gestures, sounds, and marks that have meanings understood in a cultural group

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Religion

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The principal systems of attitudes, beliefs, and practices through which people worship in a formal way

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Ethnicity

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A group's language, religion, cultural values, and physical traits

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Two Major Components of Culture

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1. Things people care about 2. Things people care for

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Things We Care About

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1. Language 2. Religion 3. Ethnicity

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Things We Care For

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1. The production of material goods (indicates wealth) and the methods through which people obtain them 2. Food, clothing, shelter, etc.

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More Developed Countries (MDC)

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Countries classified together due to a high or favorable score in per capita income, literacy rates, televisions per capita and hospital beds per capita

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Less Developed Countries (LDC)

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Countries classified together due to a low or unfavorable score in per capita income, literacy rates, televisions per capita and hospital beds per capita

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The Role Of Governments

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To protect what we have or what we value

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Cultural Ecology

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The geographic study of human-environment relationships

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Humboldt and Ritter

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Argued that the physical environment caused social development (environmental determinism)

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Environmental Determinism

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Physical environments cause social development

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Ratzel and Semple

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Argued that geography is the study of the influences of the natural environment on people

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Huntington

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Climate is a major determinant of civilization. Ex. The temperate climate of maritime Northwestern Europe led to more human efficiency

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Possiblism

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The physical environment may limit some human activities, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment. They will maximize resources, making it possible to overcome the environment.

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Resources

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Substances that are useful to people, economically and technologically feasible to access, and socially acceptable to use.

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Cost-Efficiency

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Determining if it is worth it economically to live in a certain place, even if it is possible to do so.

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Center Pivot Irrigation

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A type of irrigation that waters crops using sprinkler systems that rotate, resulting in circular fields

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Koeppen System

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A system that divides the world into five main climate regions that are identified by letters A through E as well as names. A Tropical Climates B Dry Climates C Warm Mid-Latitude Climates D Cold Mid-Latitude Climates E Polar Climates

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People live where...

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...it's easy to live.

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Four Biomes

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1. Forest Biome 2. Savannah Biome 3. Grassland Biome 4. Desert Biome

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Soil Facts

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1. No dirt = no food 2. 12,000 types of soil in the US alone 3. Two problems with soil destruction a) Erosion b) Depletion of nutrients 4. MDC's are better at dealing with both issues; LDC's less so

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Trans-National Corporations (TNC) or Multi-National Corporations (MNC)

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Corporations that conduct research, operate factories, and sell products in many countries, not just where its headquarters and principal stockholders are located

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Core

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MDC Above the Brandt Line

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Periphery

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LDC Below the Brandt Line

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Distribution

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The arrangement of features in a space

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Density

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Frequency with which something occurs

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Arithmetic Density

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Total number of objects in an area

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Physiological Density

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The number of people per unit of arable land

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Arable

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Suitable for agriculture

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Agricultural Density

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The number of farmers per unit of farmland

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Concentration

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The extent of a feature spread over space

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Clustered

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Close together

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Dispersed

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Spread out

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Pattern

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Geometric arrangement of objects in space

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Types Of Patterns

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1. Geometric 2. Linear 3. Irregular

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Diversity In Space

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Men v. Women (gender roles in the past v. now) Major Ethnicity v. Minor Ethnicity -Where would these groups travel/be in the past v. now

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De jure

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By law

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De facto

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As a matter of fact

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Space-Time Compression

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The reduction of time it takes to travel to another place

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The world is smaller because of...

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...technology making it easier to communicate and travel.

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Spatial Interaction

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We physically interact with more spaces and groups now because of technology

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Distance Decay

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Contact diminishes with increased distance and eventually disappears

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Diffusion

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The process by which a characteristic spreads 1. Relocation Diffusion 2. Expansion Diffusion a. Hierarchical b. Contagious c. Stimulus

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Hearth (Node)

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Where an innovation (that will eventually be diffused) originates

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Relocation Diffusion

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When a person or group moves to a new place and brings ideas with them

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Hierarchical Diffusion

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An idea spreads from powerful or authoritative people to other people or places (down the chain of command, never up)

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Contagious Diffusion

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Rapid, widespread diffusion of an idea through a population. This doesn't correlate to power, societal standings, economic status, etc.

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Stimulus Diffusion

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The underlying principle diffuses, though the actual "thing" does not.

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Three Hearth Areas (Cores)

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1. North America 2. Western Europe 3. Japan

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Headquarters are located in...

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...the core-an MDC.

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Factories, mines, and the places where materials are gathered are located in...

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...the periphery-an LDC.

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Uneven Development

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The increasing economic gap between the core and periphery because of globalization of the economy. To be successful, MDC's need LDC's to continue to exist.

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What are the Barrier Islands of Florida, and why are they attractive?

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These are home to several hundred thousand people and are essentially large sandbars that shield the mainland from flooding and storm damage. They are attractive locations for constructing homes and recreational facilities to take advantage of their proximity to the seashore.

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Ground Truthing

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When scientists are sent out to a location to verify information that has been gained by remote sensing.

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What advances have enhanced the global movement of money?

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Technology allowing us to conduct business between countries

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What are adverse environmental impacts of the re-channeling of the Kissimmee River in Florida?

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Millions of gallons of polluted water-mostly runoff from cattle grazing-began pouring into Lake Okeechobee, which is the major source of freshwater for about half of Florida's population.

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Where does the International Date Line start?

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180 degrees longitude-on the exact opposite side of the world from the Prime Meridian

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What is the start point of Greenwich Mean Time?

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The Prime Meridian

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What are some characteristics that have established the South as a vernacular region?

answer

The South is a region of high cotton production and low high school graduation rates. The South includes the states that joined the Confederacy during the Civil War and where Baptist is the most prevalent religion. The last winter frost occurs in March, and rainfall is more plentiful in winter than in summer.

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Examples of situation?

answer

We give directions to people by comparing their destination to the location of a familiar one-we refer t the situation of a place. we identify important buildings, streets, and other landmarks to direct people to the desired location. Other places become important because they are accessible to other places (trade routes).

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GPS references what type of location?

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Mathematical location

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What was the first civilization to practice geography?

answer

Greek

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Mathematical location is presented in what form?

answer

Degrees of latitude and longitude (degrees, minutes, seconds)

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What type of diffusion leads to economic development through international trade?

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Relocation Diffusion

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Cancer death rates and regions (p 20-21)

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The Great Lakes region may have higher cancer rates because the distribution of cancer is spatially associated with the distribution of factories. Residents of the South may have high cancer rates because, with lower levels of education and income, they may be less aware of the risks associated with activities such as smoking and less able to afford medical care to minimize the risk of dying from cancer. Baltimore City may have higher cancer rates because of a concentration of people with lower levels of income and education. People living in the rural Eastern Shore region may be exposed to runoff of chemicals from farms into the nearby Chesapeake Bay, as well as discharges carried by prevailing winds from factories further west.

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Culture means what two things?

answer

1. What we care ABOUT 2. What we take care OF

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Diffusion of AIDS prevention vs. diffusion of AIDS itself

answer

AIDS diffused from the nodes of NY, CA, and FL, and then new cases diffused to every state during the 80's and 90's, although CA, NY, and FL remained the hearths. These three states, plus Texas, accounted for half the nation's new cases of AIDS in the peak year of 1993. The rapid decline of AIDS cases began in the early 90's due to rapid expansion (contagious) diffusion of preventive methods and medicines.

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