AP Human Geography Ch. 8 Political Geography – Flashcards
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Annexation
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legally adding land area to a city in the United States
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Antarctica
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Earth's southernmost continent; world's largest land mass that is not claimed
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Apartheid
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laws (no longer in effect in South Africa) that physically separated different races into geographic areas
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Balkanization
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process by which a state breaks down because of conflicts among its ethnicities
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Border Landscape
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There are two types: Exclusionary and Inclusionary. Exclusionary is meant to keep people out. Inclusionary is meant to facilitate trade and movement. Examples: Exclusionary- US-Mexico border. Inclusionary- US-Canada border.
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Definitional Boundary Dispute
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conflict over the language of the border agreement in a treaty or boundary contract
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Locational Boundary Dispute
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(positional) disagreement between neighboring states over policies to be applied to their common border. Often induced by differing customs regulations, movement of nomadic groups, or illegal immigration or emigration.
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Operational Boundary Dispute
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(functional) disagreement between states over the control of a surface area
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Allocational Boundary Dispute
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(resource) conflict over the use of resources created or complicated by a political boundary
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Antecedent Boundary Origin
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boundary line established before the area in question was well population
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Subsequent Boundary Origin
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boundary line that is established after the area has been settled and that considers the cultural characteristics of the bounded area
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Superimposed Boundary Origin
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boundary line placed over and ignoring an existing cultural pattern
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Relic Boundary Origin
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former boundary line that is still discernable and marked by some cultural landscape feature
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Definition Phase in Boundary Process
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phase in which the exact location of a boundary is legally described and negotiated
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Delimination Phase in Boundary Process
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phase in which the definition of boundary is marked on an official cartographic representation
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Demarkation Phase in Boundary Process
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phase in which boundary is visibly marked on the landscape by fence, line, sign, wall, or other means
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Natural/Physical Boundary Type
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Political boundary defined, deliminated, and sometimes demarkated by a prominent physical feature in the natural landscape such as river or crest ridges of mountain range.
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Ethnographic/Cultural Boundary Type
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Political boundary line that coincides with some cultural divide, such as religion or language
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Geometric Boundary Type
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Political boundary between two states that does not follow geography, but rather geometry
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Buffer State
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a country lying between two rival or potentially hostile greater powers, which by its sheer existence is though to prevent conflict between them
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Capital
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principle city in a state or country
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Centrifugal
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forces that divide a state
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Centripetal
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forces that unite a state
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City State
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a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland
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Colonialism
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an attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory
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Confederation
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group of states united for a common purpose
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Confederence of Berlin (1884)
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regulated trade and colonization in Africa; it formalized the scramble to gain colonies in Africa and set up boundaries for each country's colonies
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Core area
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largest population center; most productive region; area with greatest centrality and accessibility; probably containing capital as well
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Periphery
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the outermost part of region within a boundary
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Decolonization
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acquisition, by colonized people, of control over their own territory
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Devolution
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The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government
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Domino Theory
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if one country in a region chose or was forced to accept a communist political and economic system, then neighboring countries would be irresistibly susceptible to falling to communism
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Devolution
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both the decentralization of a government from a unitary to a federal system of a fracturing of a government like Balkanization
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Domino Theory
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the idea that if one land in a region came under the influence of communists, then more would follow
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Electoral Regions
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the different voting districts that make up local, state, and national regions
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Enclave
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a country or part of a country mostly surrounded by the territory of another country or wholly lying within the boundaries of another country
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Ethnic Conflict
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a war between ethnic groups often as a result of ethnic nationalism or fight over natural resources
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European Union
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a supernational and intergovernmental union of 27 democratic member states of Europe
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Exclave
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a country which is geographically separated from the main part by surrounding territory
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Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
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a sea zone which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources
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Federal
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a political philosophy in which a group or body of members are bound together with a governing representative head
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Forward Capital
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a symbolically relocated capital city usually because of either economic or strategic reasons
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Frontier
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a zone where no state exercises complete political control
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Geopolitics
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the study that analyzes geography, history, and social science with reference to international politics
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Gerry Mander
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the process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the political party in power
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Global Commons
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no one person or state may own or control and which is central to life
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Heartland
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the central region of a country or continent; especially a region that is important to a country or to a culture
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Immigrant State
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a type of receiving state which is the target of many immigrants
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International Organization
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an international alliance involving many different countries
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Iron Curtain
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a national barrier that prevents the passage of information or ideas between political entitles
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Irredatism
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the doctrine that should be controlled by the country to which they are ethnically or historically related
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Israel
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a country in the Middle East; the Hebrew nation or people
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Law of the Sea
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the rights and responsibilities of nations in their use of the worlds oceans
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Land Locked
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almost entirely surrounded by land, having no coastline or sea port
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Lebanon
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a country in Southwest Asia/ Middle East on the Mediterranean Sea. The site of ancient phoenicia, the region was gradually absorbed by the posian Empire and later conquered by Alexender the great
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Littoral Boundary
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a coastal region
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Halfard J Mackinder
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considered one of the founding Fathers of both geopolitics and geostrategy
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Manifest Destiny
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the 19th century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the United States throughout the American continents was justified
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Median-line Principle
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an approach to dividing and creating boundaries at the Midpoint between places
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Microstate
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sovereign state having a very small population or very small land area
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Mini state
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state or territory that is small in both population and area
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Nation
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tightly knit group of people shaving a common language, ethnicity, religion, and other culture attributes
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Palestine
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a territory in the Middle East on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea
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Rimland
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the Maritime fringe of a country or continent
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National Iconography
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the art of representation by pictures/images, which may or may not have a symbolic as well as apparent or superficial meaning
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Nation-State
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a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
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Nunavut
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a territory in Northern Canada extending East from the Northwestern territories to Huddoh Bay, containing the islands in the Hudson Bay, primarily controlled and inhabited by the Invit
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Political Geography
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the study of geography involving geographic states, borders, and how humans identify with them
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Raison d'etre
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the claimed reason for the existence of something or someone
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Reapportionment
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the assigning by Congress of congressional seats after each census
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Regionalism
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the stronger connection to one's region than to one's country
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Religious Conflict
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conflict between religions
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Reunification
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brings together 2 parts of a country under one government
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Satellite State
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a political term that refers to a country which is formally independent, but under heavy influence or control by another country
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Self-determination
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the concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
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Shatter belt
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areas that are constantly breaking up and/or fragmenting
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Sovereignty
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the ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states
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State
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an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs
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Stateless ethnic groups
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groups of an ethnicity with no state of inhabitance
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Stateless Nation
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a nationality that is not represented by a state
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Suffrage
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the right to vote
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Supranatioinalism
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refers to efforts by 3 or more states to forge associations for mutual benefit and in pursuit of shared goals.
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Territorial Dispute
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any dispute over land ownership
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Territorial Morphology
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study of state's shapes and their effects
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Compact Territorial Morphology
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distance from geometric center is similar Ex. Germany & Hungary
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Elongated Territorial Morphology
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Thin Ex. Chile, Vietnam, Finland
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Fragmented Territorial Morphology
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2 or more separate pieces Ex. Indonesia, Philippines
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Prorupt Territorial Morphology
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Protruded; to have an area that extends from a more compact core
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Perforated Territorial Morphology
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Territory completely surrounds that of another state Ex. Italy, Azerbaijan
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Territoriality
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refers to the need to lay claim to the spaces we occupy and the things we own
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Theocracy
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a government set up around a religious leader
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Treaty Parts
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cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatures
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UNCLOS
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United Nations Convention On the Law of the Sea- a code of maritime law approved by the UN in 1982 that authorizes territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles from shore and 200 nautical miles wide exclusive economic zones.
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Unilateralism
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world order in which one state is in a position of dominance with allies following rather than joining the political decision-making process.
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Unitary
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central government has the power. An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials. Ex. Russia
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USSR Collapse
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December 1, 1991 a vote for independence in the Ukraine (the most powerful republic)
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Women's Enfranchisement
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Women's right to vote
