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a set of processes that are increasing interactions, deepening relationships and accelerating interdependence across national borders

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globalization

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where geographers go out in the field and see what people are doing, observe how peoples actions and reactions vary across space, from that they develope maps, etc. that help them situate/analyze what they see

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Geographic fieldwork

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a state of being connected reciprocally, operating as a unit. being connected to others in a mutual or shared manner.

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interconnected

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mutual or reciprocal relation or relatedness, relation or connected to another. In the case of the geogrophy book an interrelationship would be a relationship with someone else in another functional country that have impacts on eachother and the world.

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interrelationships

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a perspective that geographers bring to their studies which is an interest in the spatial arrangement of the earth, the observation of variations in geographic phenomena across space

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spatial perspective

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physical location of geographic phenomena across space

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spacial distribution

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the degree of ease with which it is possible to reach a certain location from other locations, it varies from place to place and can be measured.

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Accessibility

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the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape. The layers of buildings, forms, and artifacts sequentially imprinted on the landscape by the activities of various human occupants

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Cultural landscape

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all areas on earth have unique physical and human characteristics, one of the purposes of geography is to study the special character and meaning of these areas, this theme of geography is called...?

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Place

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refers to the mobility of people , goods, ideas across the surface of the earth, it's an expression of interconnectedness

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Movement

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the geographic study of the natural environment

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physical geography

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the designs of special distributions

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patterns

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observing variations in geographic phenomena across space

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spacial perspective

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a logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity and the manner at which its producing areas are interrelated

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location theory

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the regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places distance, connectivity and accessibility affect this

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relative location

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a region that only exists as a conceptualization or an idea and not as a physically demarcated entity

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Perceptual regions

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heartland, source area, innovation center, Place of origin of a major culture

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Cultural hearth

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prevailing cultural attitude , rendering certain innovations, ideas or practices unacceptable or unadoptable in that particular culture

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Cultural barriers

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The study of how people make places, how we organize space and society, how we interact with each other in places and across space, and how we make sense of others and ourselves in our localtiy, region, and world.

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Human geography

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how something is laid out; space on earths surface

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Spatial

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Physical location of geographic phenomena across space.

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Spatial Distribution

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A worldwide outbreak of disease., disease can spread quickly throughout world

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Pandemics

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A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease. or regional outbreak of a disease

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Epidemic

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Location, human-environment interaction, region, place, and movement.

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five themes of geography

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the geographic situation of people and things

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location

question

Reciprocal relationship between humans and environment.

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human- environmental interactions

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An area on the Earth's surface marked by a degree of formal, funtional, or perceptual homogeneity of some phenomenon.

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region

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State of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character.

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Sense of Place

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Belief or "understanding" about a place developed through books, movies, stories or pictures.

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perceptions about places

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Measurement of the physical space between two places.

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distance

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The degree of direct linkage between one particular location and other locations in a transport network.

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Connectivity

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Cultural succession and its lasting imprint.

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Sequent Occupance

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Maps that show the absolute location of places and geographic features determined by a frame of reference, typically latitude and longitude.

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referance maps

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Maps that tell stories, typically showing the degree of some attribute of the movement of a geographic phenomenon.

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thematic maps

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Maps in our minds of places we have been and places we have only heard of.

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Mental Maps

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A vague map of an area without specific details.

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Generalized Map

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A method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments that are physically distant from the area or object of study.

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remote sensing

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a uniform region with boundaries

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Formal region

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Defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it.

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functional region

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The declining degree of acceptance of an idea or innovation with increasing time and distance from its point of origin or source.

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Time-distance Decay

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The spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger.

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Expansion DIffusion

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The distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person.

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Contagious Diffusion

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An idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples.

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Hierarchial Diffusion

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A cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place.

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Stimulus Diffusion

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Items being diffusion are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate new ones

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Relocation Diffusion

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he view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life, including cultural development.

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Environmental Determinism

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Line on a map connecting point of equal temperature values.

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Isotherms

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Geographic viewpoint- a response to determinism- that holds that human decision making, not the environment, is the critical factor in cultural development.

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Possibilism

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synthetic organic compounds first created in the 1950s and used primarily as refrigerants and as propellants. The role of CFCs in the destruction of the ozone layer led to the signing of an international agreement

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Chlorofluorocarbons

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primeval supercontinent, hypothesized by Alfred Wegener, that broke apart and formed the current continents and oceans; consisted of northern Laurasia and southern Gondwana

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Pangaea

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formation of carbohydrates in living plants from water and CO2, through the action of sunlight on chlorophyll in those plants

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Photosynthesis

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loss of diversity through a failure to produce new species

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mass depletions

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mass destruction of most species

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Mass extinctions

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ocean-girdling zone of crustal instability, volcanism, and earthquakes resulting from the tectonic activity along plate boundaries in the region

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Pacific Ring of Fire

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most recent epoch of the Late Cenozoic Ice Age, beginning about 1.8 mya and marked by as many as 20 glaciations and interglaciations of which the current warm phase, the Holocene epoch, has witnessed the rise of human civilization

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Pleistocene

question

a period of global cooling during which continental ice sheets and mountain glaciers expand

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Glaciation

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sustained warming phase between glaciations during an ice age

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Interglaciation

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most recent glacial period of the Pleistocene, enduring about 100,00 years and giving way, beginning about 18.000 years ago, to the current interglacial, the Holocene

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Wisconsinian Glaciation

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current interglaciation period, extending from 10,000 years ago to present on the geologic time scale

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Holocene

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temporary but significant cooling period between the 14th and 19th centuries; accompanied by wide temperature fluctuations, droughts, and storms, causing famines and dislocation

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Little Ice Age

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threat to environmental security by human activity such as atmospheric and groundwater pollution, deforestation, oil spills, and ocean dumping

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Environmental Stress

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resources that can regenerate as they are exploited

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Renewable Resources

question

system of exchange involving water in its various forms as it continually circulates among the atmosphere, the oceans, and above and below the land surface

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Hydrologic cycle

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theory that the Earth is gradually warming as a result of an enhanced greenhouse effect in the Earth's atmosphere caused by ever-increasing amounts of CO2 produced by various human activities

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Global Warming

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cycle whereby natural processes and human activity consume atmospheric O2 and produce CO2 and the Earth's forests and other flora, through photosynthesis, consume CO2 and produce O2

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Oxygen Cycle

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clearing and destruction of forests to harvest wood for consumption, clear land for agricultural uses, and make way for expanding settlement frontiers

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Deforestation

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wearing away of the land surface by wind and moving water

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Soil Erosion

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non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging from municipal garbage to sewage sludge; agricultural refuse; and mining

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Solid Waste

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hazardous waste causing danger from chemicals and infectious organisms

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Toxic Waste

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hazardous-waste-emitting radiation from nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons factories, and nuclear equipment in hospitals and industry

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Radioactive Waste

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layer in the upper atmosphere located between 30-45 km above Earth's surface where stratospheric ozone is most densely concentrated. Acts as filter for Sun's harmful ultraviolet rays

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Ozone Layer

question

first international convention aimed at addressing the issue of ozone depletion. Held in 1985, the Vienna Convention was the predecessor to the Montreal Protocal

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Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

question

international agreement signed in 1987 by 105 countries and the European Community(aka EU). Called for a reduction in production and consumption of CFCs of 50% by 2000. Subsequent meetings in London(1990) and Copenhagen(1992) accelerated the timing of CFC phase out, and a worldwide complete ban has been in effect since 1996

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Montreal Protocol

question

a change in the weather patterns, temperatures in an area

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climate change

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the space within which daily activity occurs

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activity spaces

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the sum total of the knowledge, attitudes and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a society

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culture

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subterranean, porous, water holding rocks that provide millions of wells with steady flows of water

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Aquifers

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a growing environment peril whereby acidified rainwater severely damages plant and animal life; caused by the oxides of sulfur and nitrogen that are released into the atmosphere when coal, oil and natural gas are burned especially in major manufacturing zones

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acid rain

question

a hunt for a cache that the GPS coordinates which are placed on the internet by geocoachers

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geocoaching

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a single element of a normal practice in a culture such as wearing a turban for example

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culture trait

question

- the expansion and adoption of a cultural element from its place of origin to a wider area

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cultural diffusion

question

the distance controlled spreading of an idea, innovation or some other item through a local population by contract from person to person

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Contagious diffusion

question

ways of seeing the world spatially that are used by geographers in answering research questions

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Geographic concepts

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the art and science of making maps , including data compilation, layout and design, also concerned with the interpretation of mapped patterns

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Cartography

question

geographic information system, a collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed and displayed to the user

answer

GIS

question

the position or place of a certain item on the surface of the earth as expressed in degrees, minutes and seconds of latitude or longitude, can be referred to as the exact location of something

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Absolute location

question

satellite based system for determining the absolute location of places or geographic features

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GPS global positioning system

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a related set of cultural traits such as prevailing dress codes and cooking and eating utensils

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Culture complex

question

blanket of gases surrounding the earth and located at some 350 miles above the earth's surface

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Atmosphere

question

Berkely professor who in his own words said"Cultural landscapes are comprised of the forms superimposed on the physical landscape by human activity, He also established that MesoAmerica independently invented agriculture

answer

Carl O Sauer

question

asked college students in California and pennsylvania "If you could move anywhere you want where would you live?"their responses showed a strong bias for the regions of their home town

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Peter Gould and Rodney White

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Author of "Axioms for reading the landscape" "our human lanscape is our unwitting autobiography , reflecting our tastes, our values,our aspirations,and even our fears"

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Pierce lewis

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a 1970 Swedish Geographer who published pioneering research on the role of time in the diffusion process

answer

Torsten Hagerstrand

question

completed the task of defining and delimiting the perceptual regions in US and in southern canada by analyzing telephone directories

answer

Wilbur Zelinsky

question

climatologist geographer who proposed the hypothesis of Pangaea

answer

Alfred Wegener

question

near or close to but not necessarily touching

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adjacent

question

being or producing something like nothing done or experienced or created before

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innovation

question

a reciprocal relation between interdependent entities (objects or individuals or groups) to be connected

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interdependence

question

use up, to have lesser and lesser of something with time

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depletion

question

The process by which provisions of the Bill of RIghts become incorporated

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nationalizing

question

provide evidence for

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manifest

question

a unit of geological time

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epoch

question

the act of mimicking

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mimicry

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a huge destructive wave (especially one caused by an earthquake)

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tsunami

question

tank used for collecting and storing a liquid (as water or oil)

answer

reservoir

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