AP Gov- Elections
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System designed to reduce voter fraud by limiting voting to those who have established eligibility to vote by submitting the proper documents.
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voter registration
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Elections in which voters elect officeholders.
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general election
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Elections held in years when the president is on the ballot.
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presidential election
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General elections in the United States that are held two years after the quadrennial (four-year) elections for the President of the United States. Federal offices up for election are all of the seats in the House and 33 or 34 of the 100 seats of the Senate.
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midterm election
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The proportion of the voting-age public that votes, sometimes defined as the number of registered voters that vote.
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turnout
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an informal and subjective affiliation with a political party that most people acquire in childhood
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party identification
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How voters feel about a candidate's background, personality, leadership ability, and other personal qualities.
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candidate appeal
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Voting based on what a candidate pledges to do in the future about an issue if elected.
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prospective issue voting
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Holding incumbents, usually the president's party, responsible for their records on issues, such as the economy or foreign policy.
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retrospective issue voting
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Before they were many requirement (property owner, white...etc.) after: rights extended to all white males
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how did the civil war impact voting rights?
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made voting rights a central issue and led to adoption of 24th amendment and 1965 voting rights act (banned literary tests, eased registration req's)
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how did the civil rights movement in the 1960's impact voting rights?
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it discourages voting, more hassles to complete to be able to vote. other democracies have higher turnout b/c its easier. Before 1800's- tons of voting, after 1900's- not as much
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How does voter registration impact American Elections?
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minimum standards for polling places and voting ??
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How has voting been reformed after the 2000 election?
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"Help America Vote act", $3.9 million in federal funds to modernize America's voting procedures (Prez Bush)
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HAVA def
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Presidential- more awareness
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Which elections do AMericans vote in?
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Prez elections, federal elections
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High voter turnout?
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local or municipal elections
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low voter turnout?
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black people= low turnout, however it is increasing
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how does race and ethnic background affect elections?
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woman have greater voter turnout because of increased levels of education and employmennt
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how does gender affect elections?
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older people tend to vote more than the youth
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how does age affect elections?
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higher income= more chance of voting
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how does income affect elections?
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they reaffirm support
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why must candidates mobilize their bases?
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...they can go either way with the vote, meaning with enough persuasion, you can get their vote
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why are swing voters important? How do candidates mobilize these folks?
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it takes more time and effort than any other country
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why is voting more difficult in the US?
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there is a class bias since only the wealthy vote, unfair to middle class
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How would increased voter turnout impact national elections?
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first 10 amendments, adopted in 1787
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Bill of Rights
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Each state shall allow those qualified to vote . . . For the House of Representatives
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Article 1 of constitution
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Presidential Electors shall be chosen in each state as determined by State Legislatures
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Article 2
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"Reserved Power" clause gives states the right to determine voting procedures
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10th amendment
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Black males given the right to vote (1913)
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15th amendment
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Direct Election of Senators (1913)
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17th amendement
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Women get the right to vote (1920)
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19th
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b/c of Vietnam war, solider should be able to vote. Lowered the voting age to 18 in state and federal elections
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26th amendment
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increased opportunities for minorities to register; federal government could step in to prevent discrimination
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Voting Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, 1965
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Supreme Court has jurisdiction over re-districting under the 14th Amendment; "one man, one vote"
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Baker vs. Carr
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the 15th (black males can vote) Outlaws poll tax as a requirement to vote
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24th amendment, in response to which amendment?
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17, 19, 24
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which amendments were progressive? meaning they gave people more rights to vote
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1995, can register when gets license
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Motor Voter Act
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the total # cast for the highest office on the ballot
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FEC defines voter turnout as...
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# of people who vote is less than the voting age population ( youth is usually low), lowest in midterm elections
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Low voter turnout
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too busy-27%, illness 13%, not interested 12%
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WHy do people not vote?
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yeah my vote counts!
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high efficacy
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i have no voice. elections can suck it.
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low efficacy
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10 years (demographics)
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Voting patterns are determined every...
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" I am a Republican, so I'll vote for . . ."
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party affiliation
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"I really like Mitt Romney. . ."
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candidate appeal
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"I'm pro-choice so I'm voting Obama"
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issue based voting
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"I know who Mitt Romney is."
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name recognition
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"My family has always voted Republican, and so will I."
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political socialization
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SAME DATE AND TIME.
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Fixed Elections
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same as congress except alternating even years
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when is the prez election?
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1st tuesday after 1 st monday in every even numbered year
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when are congress elections?
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to be given with advance notice (can be whatever date you desire as long you have the primaries first...etc..)
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special election
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elections are held at different time
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staggered elections:
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winner take all= single mem. districts = two party system
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how do elections affect parties?
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the president (because of 22 amendment) , congress has NO term limits
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who has term limits?
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most served two but Roosevelt served over 2 terms, if VP is prez the cutoff is 2 year without that 2 years counting as a term
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22nd amendment
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Vote of the people in a "General Election", in november
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popular vote
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December, need 270 to win, can be no majority, if there is it goes to to the House of Rep.
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electoral college
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in January
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inauguration
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Nebraska and Maine
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what states go on a diff system for the electoral college?
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when he doesn't get the popular vote but not the electoral college votes and WINS!
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minority president
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early attempts to raise money, line up campaign consultants, generate media attention, and get commitments for support even before candidates announce they are running
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invisible primary
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candidate has been chosen/ running without opposition
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preferential primary
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have to be registered to the specific party
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closed primary
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(Europe) people run regardless of party affiliation (Top candidates advance on the list)
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jungle primary
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can choose either candidate (even if registered under a diff. political party)
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open primary
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top two candidates go on, regardless of party (senate uses it and...)
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blanket primary
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gather by party, republicans do the ballot and democrats get into small groups (Iowa does these)
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caucus
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New Hampshire, and invisible
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who hold first primary and what kind is it?
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Members already in office. Ex: incumbent members in Congress will most likely be reelected.
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define incumbent
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franking (free postage), free phone calls, a support staff (paid for with budget)
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what perks do incumbent members of congress have when going up for elections?
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The effect of a strong candidate running for an office at the top of a ballot helping to attract voters to other candidates on the party's ticket
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coattail effect
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the redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population.
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Redistricting
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the drawing of legislative district boundaries to benefit a party, group, or incumbent
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Gerrymandering
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Procedures available in some states by which state laws or constitutional amendments proposed by the legislature are submitted to the voters for approval or rejection
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Referenda
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Procedures available in some states for citizens to put proposed laws and constitutional amendment on the ballot for voter approval or rejection
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Initiatives
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initiative taken to the next step, placed on ballot for people to vote on
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Propositions
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the act of removing an official by petition
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Recall
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alteration to the U.S. Constitution, whether a modification, deletion, or addition, is accomplished.
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Amendment of the State Constitution
