AP Gov- Elections
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The proportion of the voting-age public that votes, sometimes defined as the number of registered voters that vote.
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turnout
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an informal and subjective affiliation with a political party that most people acquire in childhood
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party identification
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How voters feel about a candidate's background, personality, leadership ability, and other personal qualities.
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candidate appeal
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Voting based on what a candidate pledges to do in the future about an issue if elected.
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prospective issue voting
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Holding incumbents, usually the president's party, responsible for their records on issues, such as the economy or foreign policy.
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retrospective issue voting
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Before they were many requirement (property owner, white...etc.) after: rights extended to all white males
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how did the civil war impact voting rights?
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made voting rights a central issue and led to adoption of 24th amendment and 1965 voting rights act (banned literary tests, eased registration req's)
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how did the civil rights movement in the 1960's impact voting rights?
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it discourages voting, more hassles to complete to be able to vote. other democracies have higher turnout b/c its easier. Before 1800's- tons of voting, after 1900's- not as much
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How does voter registration impact American Elections?
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minimum standards for polling places and voting ??
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How has voting been reformed after the 2000 election?
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"Help America Vote act", $3.9 million in federal funds to modernize America's voting procedures (Prez Bush)
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HAVA def
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Presidential- more awareness
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Which elections do AMericans vote in?
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Prez elections, federal elections
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High voter turnout?
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local or municipal elections
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low voter turnout?
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black people= low turnout, however it is increasing
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how does race and ethnic background affect elections?
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woman have greater voter turnout because of increased levels of education and employmennt
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how does gender affect elections?
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older people tend to vote more than the youth
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how does age affect elections?
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higher income= more chance of voting
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how does income affect elections?
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they reaffirm support
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why must candidates mobilize their bases?
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...they can go either way with the vote, meaning with enough persuasion, you can get their vote
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why are swing voters important? How do candidates mobilize these folks?
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it takes more time and effort than any other country
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why is voting more difficult in the US?
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there is a class bias since only the wealthy vote, unfair to middle class
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How would increased voter turnout impact national elections?
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first 10 amendments, adopted in 1787
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Bill of Rights
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Each state shall allow those qualified to vote . . . For the House of Representatives
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Article 1 of constitution
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Presidential Electors shall be chosen in each state as determined by State Legislatures
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Article 2
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"Reserved Power" clause gives states the right to determine voting procedures
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10th amendment
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Black males given the right to vote (1913)
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15th amendment
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Direct Election of Senators (1913)
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17th amendement
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Women get the right to vote (1920)
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19th
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b/c of Vietnam war, solider should be able to vote. Lowered the voting age to 18 in state and federal elections
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26th amendment
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increased opportunities for minorities to register; federal government could step in to prevent discrimination
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Voting Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, 1965
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Supreme Court has jurisdiction over re-districting under the 14th Amendment; "one man, one vote"
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Baker vs. Carr
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the 15th (black males can vote) Outlaws poll tax as a requirement to vote
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24th amendment, in response to which amendment?
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17, 19, 24
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which amendments were progressive? meaning they gave people more rights to vote
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1995, can register when gets license
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Motor Voter Act
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the total # cast for the highest office on the ballot
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FEC defines voter turnout as...
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# of people who vote is less than the voting age population ( youth is usually low), lowest in midterm elections
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Low voter turnout
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too busy-27%, illness 13%, not interested 12%
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WHy do people not vote?
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yeah my vote counts!
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high efficacy
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i have no voice. elections can suck it.
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low efficacy
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10 years (demographics)
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Voting patterns are determined every...
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" I am a Republican, so I'll vote for . . ."
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party affiliation
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"I really like Mitt Romney. . ."
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candidate appeal
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"I'm pro-choice so I'm voting Obama"
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issue based voting
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"I know who Mitt Romney is."
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name recognition
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"My family has always voted Republican, and so will I."
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political socialization
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SAME DATE AND TIME.
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Fixed Elections
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same as congress except alternating even years
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when is the prez election?
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1st tuesday after 1 st monday in every even numbered year
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when are congress elections?
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to be given with advance notice (can be whatever date you desire as long you have the primaries first...etc..)
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special election
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elections are held at different time
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staggered elections:
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winner take all= single mem. districts = two party system
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how do elections affect parties?
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the president (because of 22 amendment) , congress has NO term limits
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who has term limits?
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most served two but Roosevelt served over 2 terms, if VP is prez the cutoff is 2 year without that 2 years counting as a term
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22nd amendment
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Vote of the people in a "General Election", in november
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popular vote
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December, need 270 to win, can be no majority, if there is it goes to to the House of Rep.
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electoral college
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in January
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inauguration
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Nebraska and Maine
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what states go on a diff system for the electoral college?
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when he doesn't get the popular vote but not the electoral college votes and WINS!
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minority president
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early attempts to raise money, line up campaign consultants, generate media attention, and get commitments for support even before candidates announce they are running
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invisible primary
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candidate has been chosen/ running without opposition
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preferential primary
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have to be registered to the specific party
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closed primary
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(Europe) people run regardless of party affiliation (Top candidates advance on the list)
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jungle primary
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can choose either candidate (even if registered under a diff. political party)
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open primary
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top two candidates go on, regardless of party (senate uses it and...)
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blanket primary
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gather by party, republicans do the ballot and democrats get into small groups (Iowa does these)
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caucus
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New Hampshire, and invisible
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who hold first primary and what kind is it?
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Members already in office. Ex: incumbent members in Congress will most likely be reelected.
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define incumbent
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franking (free postage), free phone calls, a support staff (paid for with budget)
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what perks do incumbent members of congress have when going up for elections?
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The effect of a strong candidate running for an office at the top of a ballot helping to attract voters to other candidates on the party's ticket
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coattail effect
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the redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population.
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Redistricting
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the drawing of legislative district boundaries to benefit a party, group, or incumbent
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Gerrymandering
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Procedures available in some states by which state laws or constitutional amendments proposed by the legislature are submitted to the voters for approval or rejection
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Referenda
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Procedures available in some states for citizens to put proposed laws and constitutional amendment on the ballot for voter approval or rejection
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Initiatives
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initiative taken to the next step, placed on ballot for people to vote on
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Propositions
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the act of removing an official by petition
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Recall
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alteration to the U.S. Constitution, whether a modification, deletion, or addition, is accomplished.
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Amendment of the State Constitution
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