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Great Schism

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Taxing the clergy- Philip the Faire wanted to tax the clergy to finance war with England Papal Bull- Boniface VIII stated claim to papal supremacy Babylonian captivity of the Medieval Church

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Renaissance

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The time period which Europe flourished and the rebirth of new ideas and love of art, The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history

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Reformation

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A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

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Court of Star Chamber

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A division of the English royal council, a court that used Roman legal procedures to curb real or potential threats from the nobility, the court so called because there were stars painted on the ceiling of the chamber in which the court sat.

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French Religious Wars

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Catholic monarchy imposed very heavy taxes on the people; the wealthy, the middle class switched over to Calvinism as a form of rebellions; major issue: iconoclasm

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Thirty Years War

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(1618-1648) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Peace of Augsburg

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(1555) A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany.

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Erasmus

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Dutch Humanist and friend of Sir Thomas More. Perhaps the most intellectual man in Europe and widely respected. Believed the problems in the Catholic Church could be fixed; did not suport the idea of a Reformation. Wrote Praise of Folly.

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Machiavelli

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Italian political theorist whose book The Prince (1513) describes the achievement and maintenance of power by a determined ruler indifferent to moral considerations.

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Castiglione

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Wrote The Courtier which was about education and manners and had a great influence. It said that an upper class, educated man should know many academic subjects and should be trained in music, dance, and art.

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Age of Exploration

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Time period during the 15th and 16th centuries when Europeans searched for new sources of wealth and for easier trade routes to China and India. Resulted in the discovery of North and South America by the Europeans.

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Treaty of Tordesillas

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(1494) divided the Atlantic world between two maritime powers, reserving for Portugal the West African coast and the route to India and giving Spain the oceans and the lands to the west

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Magellan

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The leader/captain of the first people to circumnavigate the world, led Spanish expedition to Philippines

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Columbus

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1492, found San Salvador. Sailed to find China- Santa Maria, Pinta, Nina. Was supported by Ferdinand and Isabella. Went on 4 voyages. 1st person to see land was Rodrigo de Triana.

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Dias

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...

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Da Gama

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Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, which led to Portuguese control of the spice trade

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Cortez

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Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

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Pizarro

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A conquistador who in 1532, marched into South America, and conquered the Inca Empire. Atahualpa offered a room filled with gold and twice and silver for his release, but they strangled him

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Sugar

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Europeans used slave labor to grow a wide range of profitable crops on the islands of the Caribbean; this was the most important and profitable of these crops

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Mercantilism

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An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

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Pininsulares

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Spanish colonists that had been born in Spain

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Creoles

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American-born Spaniards who owned land, but ranked below "real" Europeans.

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Mulattoes

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People of African and European descent

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Mestizos

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A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry

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Slave Corps in Ottoman Empire

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Slavery in the Ottoman Empire was a legal and important part of the Ottoman Empire's economy and society until the slavery of peoples of the Caucasus was banned in the early 19th century, although slaves from other groups were allowed.

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English Civil War

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(1642-1646) Began after Charles I invaded Parliament to arrest opponents then left London and raised an army; House of Commons passed *Militia Ordinance*, giving Parliament power to raise army; Parliament won

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Glorious Revolution

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A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

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Dutch Republic

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United Provinces of the Netherlands-1st half of 17th century was golden age-government consisted of organized confederation of 7 provinces each with representative government

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Decline of Spain

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The rise in population coupled with inflation led to a weakening of Spanish industry and emigration. The expulsion of Jews and Moors in 1492 also contributed to the decline, as they were productive members of the economy.

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Don Quixote

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A comedic book written by Miguel de Cervantes during the Renaissance. The title character is now used to refer to idealists that champion hopeless or fanciful causes.

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Frederick William of Prussia

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Became emperor of Prussia and promised to grant a liberal Prussian constitution. However he is elected to be the leader of all of Germany, and, upon seeing other revolutions fail, backs out of this revolution. He decides just to go back to an absolutist government.

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Peter the Great

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(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

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Frederick the Great

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(1712-1786), King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786. Enlightened despot who enlarged Prussia by gaining land from Austria when Maria Theresa became Empress.

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Joseph II

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This was the ruler of the Habsburgs that controlled the Catholic Church closely, granted religious toleration and civic rights to Protestants and Jews, and abolished serfdom

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Catherine the Great

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An enlightened despot who ruled over Russia. She is responsible for many positive changes in Russia, as well as securing the country a warm water port.

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Ivan the Terrible

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(1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia.

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Seven Years War

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Known in America as French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

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Treaty of Paris

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1763 agreement between Briatin and France that ended the French and Indian War, 1783 and a peace treaty between the Us and Britain that recognized the Us as an independent nation

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Thomas Paine

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American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution

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Sir Edmund Burke

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An Irish statesman, author, orator, political theorist and philosopher who, after moving to England, served for many years in the House of Commons of Great Britain as a member of the Whig party

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Abbe Sieyes

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A first estater who had enough with the estate system. He joined the third estate in the tennis court oath. Wrote an essay called "What is the 3rd estate."

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Scientific Revolution

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A new way of thinking about the natural world, based on careful observations, a willingness for people to question accepted beliefs

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Galileo

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He was the first person to use a telescope to observe objects in space. He discovered that planets and moons are physical bodies because of his studies of the night skies.

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Kepler

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German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion

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Copernicus

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Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution.

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Brahe

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A Danish astronomer who designed and built new instruments for observing the heavens and trained many other astronomers. He rejected heliocentrism despite his discovery of a new star and comet that disproved Aristotle's theory.

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Newton

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English mathematician and physicist

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Enlightenment

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18th century movement led by French intellectuals who advocated reason as the universal source of knowledge and truth

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French Language

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...

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Salons

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Private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrat

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Madame De Chatelet

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Did the first and only translation of Newton's Principia Mathematica

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Locke

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English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience

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Rousseau

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(1712-1778) process of civilization and enlightenment had corrupted human nature, evil of the world founded upon uneven distribution of property, real purpose of society was to nurture better people, wrote the Social Contract

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Hobbes

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Materialist. Believed that all phenomena, including man and animals, consist exclusively of particles of matter. Even human consciousness derives from the movement of tiny particles in the brain.

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Voltaire

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(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

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Montesquieu

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"The Spirit of the Laws"; tried to use scientific method to find natural laws that govern the social and political relationships of human beings; identified 3 types of governments: republics, despotism, and monarchies; invented separation of powers

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Moses Mendelssohn

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Rewrote the torah in German transliteration. He advocated entering German culture while keeping Jewish law. He was orthodox but had a few reform principles.

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Putting Out System

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System which was basically an assembly line which made goods easy to manufacture and cheaper to create. Took less time, made guilds obsolete.

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Foundling Hospitals

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These hospitals in citys such as London and Paris were established to care for thousands of abandoned children.

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French Revolution

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(1789-1799) Period of political and social upheaval in France, during which the French government underwent structural changes, and adopted ideals based on Enlightenment principles of nationalism, citizenship, and inalienable rights. Changes were accompanied by violent turmoil and executions.

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Napoleon

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Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. (p. 591)

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Industrial Revolution

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A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

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Slavery

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A system under which people are treated as property to be bought and sold, they were also forced to work. Slaves can be held against their will from the time their captured, purchased, or birth and deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to demand compensation.

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Adam Smith

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(1723-1790) Pioneering economic theorist. Father of economics. Explained how rational self-interest and competition, operating in a social framework which ultimately depends on adherence to moral obligations, can lead to economic well-being and prosperity.

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Karl Marx

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(1818-1883) German philosopher and founder of Marxism, the theory that class conflict is the motor force driving historical change and development.

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Population Growth 1700

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First real rise in Europe, better health and water, sewage waste care better, plague gone, small pox vaccination

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Medical Practices 1700

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...

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Diets 1700

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...

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Child Rearing 1700

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...

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Baroque

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An artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements

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Rococo

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A popular style in Europe in the eighteenth century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids.

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Feudal Society

answer

Refers to the social, political, military, and economic system that emerged; The exchange of land for goods and services. Regional prince or lord is dominant, and the highest virtues are trust and fidelity.

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Agriculture Economy

answer

Farming, Fishing, Hunting, Natural Lifestyle

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Urban Economy

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Economy that uses the resources of the city to produce goods and services

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Depostism

answer

Government under an absolute rule.

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Feudal States

answer

Premodern states in Europe in which power in a territory was divided among multiple and overlapping lords claiming sovereignty

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Oligarchies

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The government is ruled by an elite few, usually a ruling family or a group of generals. Citizens have very little to no say in government.

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Naples

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A busy port and the largest city in southern Italy.

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Rome

answer

Capital of Italy

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Milan

answer

City South of the Alps and North of Rome

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Venice

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An Italian trading city on the Ariatic Sea, agreed to help the Byzantines' effort to regain the lands in return for trading privileges in Constantinople.

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Florence

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An Italian city-state and leading cultural center during the Renaissance.

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Giovanni Boccaccio

answer

A student of Petrarch, he was also a pioneer of humanist studies. Authored "Decameron."

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Francesco Petrarch

answer

"Father OF Humanism" First person to study actual literary classics and not their secondary commentaries.

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Cosimo de Medici

answer

By allying himself with influential people in Florence he became an unofficial ruler himself in the earlyish 15th century son of Giovanni de Medici

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Hapsburg Valois

answer

Wars between Charles V and Valois family of France to gain control of Burgandian Netherlands

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Nobles

answer

People from rich and powerful families

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Clergy

answer

A body of officials who perform religious services, such as priests, ministers or rabbis.

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Peasants

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A farmer with a small farm

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Gentry

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A class of powerful, well-to-do people who enjoy a high social status

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Townspeople

answer

There were serfs, peasants, merchants, king, nobles, knights, lords. The rise to prominence of this class was one of the most important developments in European society during Medieval Ages.

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Feudal Lords

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They were the only people with the right to exploit the land, in exchange they pledged obedience to the king.

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Brothers of the Common Life

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An influential lay religious movement that began in the Netherlands and permitted men and women to live a shared religious life without making formal vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

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Indulgences

answer

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation. If you buy it- all sins relieved

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95 Theses

answer

Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the chuch door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation

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Ulrich Zwingli

answer

(1484-1531) Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism. He looked to the state to supervise the church. Banned music and relics from services. Killed in a civil war.

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John Calvin

answer

(1509-1564) French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

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Blaise Pascal

answer

A french mathematician and scientist. He believed that religious faith was necessary because reason alone could not satisfy peoples, hopes and aspiration. Untiy and Truth. wrote Pensees (means to think)

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Martin Luther

answer

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

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Reformation Parliament

answer

Used by Henry VIII to end pope's power in England, make him head of church and to grant him a divorce from Catherine of Aragon.

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Act of Succession

answer

Document passed by the Reformation Parliament in the same year as the Act of Supremacy that made Anne Boleyn's children legitimate heirs to the throne

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Council of Trent

answer

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

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Politique

answer

French political faction with no strong religious ties that tried to manipulate political divisions in France for its own political gain.

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Oliver Cromwell

answer

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War

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Phillip II of Spain

answer

European ruler who tried to make England Catholic by marrying the Queen and sending an armada; Spain reached the height of its influence and power because of him, he did not listen to his advisors and dictated all actions of Spain

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Elizabeth I of England

answer

She supported the northern protestant cause as a safeguard against Spain attacking England. She had her rival, Mary, Queen of Scots, beheaded. Elizabeth I of England succeeded Mary and reestablished Protestantism in England

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Mary I of England

answer

Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon of England; "bloody Mary"; attempts to return England to Catholicism by persecution of protestants; marries Phillip II of Spain

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Francis I of France

answer

Supported the Renaissance movement, 1st Renaissance king of France, controlled large parts of the French Church, prevented the Reformation movement of France

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Bourbons

answer

Another powerful family in the south and west of France. In league with the Montmorency-Chatillon, the Bourbons supported the Huguenot protesters to battle the Guises for political reasons.

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Henry VIII

answer

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

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Edict of Nantes

answer

(1598) Grant of tolerance in France to French Protestants after lengthy civil wars between Catholics and Protestants.

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Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

answer

Catholic attack on Calvinists, lead to civil war, rioting and slaughter killed Huguenots in France, caused the War of Three Henrys

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Charles I

answer

(1625-1649) Stuart king who brought conflict with Parliament to a head and was subsequently executed.

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James I

answer

(1603-1625) Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings.

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James II

answer

(r. 1685-1688) a Catholic king who greatly angered Parliament nobles and whose actions led to the *Glorious Revolution*

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Charles II

answer

(1660-1685) Stuart king during the Restoration, following Cromwell's Interregnum

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Petition of Right

answer

(1628) Signed by Charles I. No imprisonment without due cause; no taxes levied without Parliament's consent; soldiers not housed in private homes; no martial law during peace time.

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Declaration of Indulgence

answer

(1672) Charles II granted free worship to non-conformist protestants, parliament thought it was a back-door catholic move.

question

Divine Right of Kings

answer

Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people's consent

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Astronomy

answer

The branch of science that deals with the study of the universe

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Tycho Brahe

answer

(1546-1601) Established himself as Europe's foremost astronomer of his day; detailed observations of new star of 1572. Used by kepler

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Nicolaus Copernicus

answer

(1473-1543) Polish clergyman. Sun was the center of the universe; the planets went around it. On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres. Destroyed Aristotle's view of the universe - heliocentric theory.

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Galileo Galilei

answer

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

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Johannes Kepler

answer

Assistant to Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit; Wrote 3 laws of planetary motion based on mechanical relationships and accurately predicted movements of planets in a sun-centered universe; Demolished old systems of Aristotle and Ptolemy

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Isaac Newton

answer

Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe.

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Francis Bacon

answer

(1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning.

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Rene Descartes

answer

17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "I think therefore I am"; believed mind and matter were completly seperate; known as father of modern rationalism

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Thomas Hobbes

answer

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)

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John Locke

answer

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

question

Charles I's palace in London

answer

Baroque

question

Louis XIV's palace at Versailles

answer

The most elaborate baroque monument to political absolutism was:

question

Franz Joseph's Palace in Vienna

answer

Baroque

question

George I's Palace in London

answer

Baroque

question

Household Economy

answer

Labor organized within the family unit for the good of the group

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Family Economy

answer

Basic structure of production and consumption in preindustrial Europe. Used Families to produce goods and services. Domestic interdependence.

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Deist

answer

Followers of Sir Isaac Newton's idea of natural law, reducing God to the position of a remote Creator.

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Maria Theresa

answer

(Ruled 1740-1780) Daughter of Charled VI, who's inheritance of the Austrian throne sparked the War of the Austrian Succession. She survived the war only by giving Silesia to Frederick II of Prussia. Became heiress of Austria and her husband became Holy Roman Emperor. Mother of Joseph II.

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Catherine II

answer

German wife of Peter III of Russia and came to power after his murder; ruled Russia 1762-1796; interested in enlightend reforms but didnt do any; had policy favoring landed nobility but this led to worse conditions for Russian peasents and led to rebellion; the rebellion spread across spouthern Russia but she halted all reform and serfdom expanded into newer parts of the empire; expanded Russian Empire

question

Tennis Court Oath

answer

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

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Declaration of Rights and Man

answer

French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens

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Peasantry

answer

Members of the lowest class in some social class systems.

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Three Estates

answer

1st (Clergy, 1%), 2nd (Nobility 2%), 3rd (Everyone else 97%)

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