AP European History Important Events and Terms – Flashcards
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Bubonic Plague
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Black Death. 1340s. 40% of population dead. Aftermath led to a golden age for workers because of a labor shortage, they could demand more and escape boundaries.
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14th Century
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Famine, Black Death, 100 Years War, Peasant Revolts.
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Great Famine
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1315-1322. Little Ice Age. Food Shortage. Speculators sold black market food. Government price controls unsuccessful.
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Great Schism
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1388. Roman and French Pope, claimed was rightful and excommunicated other. Wasn't resolved until 1417.
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100 Years War
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1337-1453. On and off. England vs. France. New weapons: pike, english longbow. Decline of Feudalism
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Battle of Crechy
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1346. Marked the first major battle of the Hundred Years' War. French cavalry cut down by a group of archers congregated on a hill
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Battle of Agincourt
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1415. Second major battle and French defeat in the Hundred Years' War, French cavalry dismounted once the first volley of arrows had descended from Henry V's army
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Joan of Arc
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1412-1431. French Peasant/Mystic. National Hero. Turning Point of 100 Years War. Heretic and Saint. English took her prisoner and tried and convicted her of heresy in order to eliminate her as a military threat. She was burned at the stake in 1431
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English Peasants Revolt
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1381. Wat Tyler was leader and murdered by London Mayor. Unsuccessful but led to decline of serfdom in England. Against monarchy's imposed taxes upon peasant population.
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Renaissance
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French for rebirth. Origins in Italy 14th century.
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High Renaissance
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1450-1527. Art flourished most during this period.
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Renaissance Values
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Humanism, Individualism, Secularism. Spread by commerce and invention.
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Humanism
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The study of humanity. Coined by Cicero to describe the education of a cultivated human being. Studied prominent works of Greek, Roman, and Biblical literature. Emphasis on original languages. Classical literature seen as a means to an end
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St Basil the Great
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333-379. Bishop and Theologian. Address to Young Men on the Right Use of Greek literature.
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St Thomas Aquinas
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1225-1274. Attempt to reconcile Aristotle's philosophy with Christian teaching.
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Petrarch
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1304-1374. Father of Humanism. The first tourist. Recovered crumbling Latin texts, including some of Cicero's works. Dark Ages.
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Fall of Constantinople
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1453. Turks close Christian universities. Greek scholars flee to Italy with Ancient texts. Plato's complete works translated into Latin for the first time.
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Lorenzo Valla
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"Discourse on the Forgery of the alleged Donation of Constantine"
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Pico della Mirandola
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1463-1494. Oration on the Dignity of Man. Manifesto of the Renaissance. 900 Theses. Syncretism
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Syncretism
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Combining many different religions or cultures together.
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Secularism
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While humanists were devout Christians, they studied the classics for own enjoyment and edification. Doesn't imply an anti-religious mindset.
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Canzoniere
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Collection of Petrarch's vernacular poetry. Mostly Sonnets addressed to "Laura."
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Machiavelli
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"The Prince." Advice to rulers. The ends justify the means.
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Baldassare Castiglione
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The Book of the Courtier. Guide on how to be a respectable and respected gentleman or lady.
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Usury
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Lending money with interest. Prohibited by Roman Catholic Church during Middle Ages. Limited investment.
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Medici Family
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Prominent in Florence, Italy. Medici Bank. Patrons of the Arts.
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Printing Press
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1454. Gutenberg experiments with movable type. Gutenberg Bible, 1456, about 180 copies produced. Information could now spread quicker than ever before and for much cheaper.
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Raphael
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School of Athens. 1511. Painted many females
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Renaissance Art
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Vivid, Bright Colors. Perspective, depth, realism. Balance. Classical themes. Greek, Roman, and Biblical figures predominate.
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Donatello
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Sculptor. David
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Masaccio
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The Tribute Money
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Leonardo da Vinci
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Mona Lisa, Last Supper, Virtuvian Man
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Michelangelo
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Pieta. Another David. Moses (Comissioned by Pope Julius II, a big art patron.) Creation of Adam, Last Judgement. The Conversion of Saul
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Renaissance Architecture
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Classical. Symmetry, proportion, domes, columns.
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Northern Renaissance
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More Christian than Italian Renaissance. Advocated broad social reform based on Christian Principles.
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Sir/St. Thomas More
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Henry VIII's Chancellor. Author of Utopia. Classical scholar, Catholic martyr.
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Erasmus
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Dutch Humanist. The Praise of Folly, critic of Church but still Catholic. Greek New Testament, advocated vernacular translation
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War of Roses
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War between the York and Lancaster houses for control of the English crown. The white rose symbolized the York House and the red rose symbolized the Lancaster House. By 1485, Henry Tudor of Lancaster defeated King Richard III of York. Tudor set up a strong monarchy in England.
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House of Tudor
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Established peace. Treaty with France. Replenished Treasury. Secret trials, checked noble power. Permanent Navy.
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Ferdinand and Isabella
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Catholic Monarchs. 1492. Reconquista, conquered Muslim held Granada. Expulsion of Jews and Muslims, convert of leave, conversos/new Christians. Sponsored Columbus' Voyage. Spanish Inquisition, Church/State Partnership
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Late Medieval Trade Routes
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Hansa in north, Vetetian in Mediterranean, Genoese around Spain and France and Mediterranean.
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Medieval Technological Advancements
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Cartography, Mercator projection. Magnetic Compass, astrolabe, cross staff, all to measure latitude.
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Caravel
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Light and maneuverable ships that could sail into the wind.
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Three G's of Exploration
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God, Gold, Glory
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Portuguese Exploration
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Economic Motivations because of the rise of the Ottoman Empire and loss of overland route. Religious motivations, Prester John Myth, a mythical Christian monarch whose kingdom had supposedly been cut off from Europe by the Muslim conquests.
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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Portugal. Financed expeditions along the African coastline.
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Bartholomew Dias
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1488. Sailed around Cape of Good Hope
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Vasco de Gama
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1498. First voyage to India.
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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Line of Demarcation between Spain on the West and Portugal on the East.
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Pedro Cabral
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Portuguese Sailor, discovered Brazil
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Amerigo Vespucci
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Florentine, Medici Bank Executive, joined Portuguese Expeditions. Mundus Novus, "New World," published letter 1502.
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Martin Waldseemuller
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A German Cartographer, Latinized/Feminized America in an 1507 map.
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Ferdinand Magellan
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Circumnavigation of the world
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Vicar
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Christ's Representative on Earth
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Papal Insignia
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Shows keys for the "keys to heaven." Pope had monopoly on religion
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The Vulgate
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Bible in common or vulgar language.Made official in the 1480s.
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Simony
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The selling of church offices.
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Nepotism
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Favoring people related to ones self.
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Church Corruption
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1400s. Led to Reformation. Simony, nepotism, absenteeism, uneducated priests, sale of indulgences
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Indulgences
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Paying money to church to undo/forgive sins.
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Jan Hus
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15th century. Challenged Practices and Doctrines. Killed by Church for heresy.
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Gutenberg Bible
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1456. 180 copies printed, making Bible more available, but was in Latin so most people couldn't read it.
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Martin Luther's Beliefs
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3 Solae. Only Scripture, Only Faith, Only Grace. All doctrines must be directly derived from scripture. Justification by faith alone. Can only be saved by God's Grace. People are simultaneously saint and sinner. Priesthood of all believers.
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Luther vs. Erasmus
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Erasmus:Freedom of the Will, defends Catholic teaching. God's grace acts as a support for a free human will in working out salvation. Cooperative Luther: On the Bondage of the Will, original sin and sinful nature, and can we be cleaned. The human will is bound by evil and only God's grace acting alone and liberate it. Unilateral Both: Relied solely on scripture to support their arguments.
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Biblical Interpretation
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Catholic Church: Scripture should be interpreted in accordance with the teaching of the Church. Martin Luther: An individual believer can interpret the Bible with help from the Holy Spirit.
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Defense of 7 Sacraments
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Henry VIII. Defended Catholic teaching. Defender of the Faith.
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Luther's Three Sacraments
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Baptism, Communion, Penance
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John Calvin
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1509-1563. Reformed Christianity. Radical reformer, took an entirely different direction. Calvinism popular in Netherlands and had visible minorities in France, England, and Scotland.
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Institutes of the Christian Religion
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John Calvin's work of Systematic Theology.
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Calvin's Theology
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Sovereignty of God, Predestination/God controls all, The Elect/Salvation is God's choice not yours, no free will. Total depravity of human beings, unconditional election, limited atonement, irresistible grace, perseverance of the saints. Iconoclasm. Plain clothes, fashion is a sign of vanity.
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Iconoclasm
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Removal of Statues and Paintings from Churches
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Council of Trent
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1545-1563. Affirmation of Catholic Doctrine. Reformation of Church Practice.
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Affirmation of Catholic Doctrine
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Sources of Authority: Scripture, the foundation of Catholic Doctrine. Tradition, respect for precedent. Magisterium, teaching authority of Pope and Bishops.
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Anathema
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A cursed person or thing
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Reformation of Church Practice
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Increased quality of priests. Seminaries for training priests. No corruption. Still indulgences but no sale of them.
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Jesuits
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Society of Jesus. Founded by Ignatius of Loyola, a converted knight. Spiritual warfare. Mission was the counter-reformation. Jesuit schools and universities still thrive all over the world. Emphasis on personal piety.
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St. Teresa of Avila
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Monastic Reformer, Theologian, and Mystic. Image used by Catholic Church to revive spirituality.
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Henry VIII
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Married into the powerful Catholic House of Hapsburg. Originally called the Defender of the Faith. No Heirs, only 2 daughters survived. Canon law didn't allow a man to divorce and remarry, especially not deceased brother's wife. Formed Anglican Church to divorce, had 6 wives. Sold former church land on the cheap, bolstering the Gentry/English Landowning Class.
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Act of Supremacy
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1534. Parliament declares Henry the Supreme Head of Church of England.
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Pilgrimage of Grace
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Henry's reforms met with resistance in Northern England where monasteries were an important part of community life and vital to the economy.
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Henry VIII Motives and Changes
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Political, Economic, Personal. Conservative. Few doctrinal changes and practice to differentiate the Anglican Church from the Roman Catholic Church. Priests can now marry
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Edward VI
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Henry VIII's only legitimate son, succeeded him. Crowned age 9, died age 16. Protestant. During short reign, Church became more Protestant.
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Thomas Cranmer
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Archbishop of Canterbury. Senior Bishop of the Church of England. Wrote the Book of Common Prayer for Church of England. Burned at stake by Mary I.
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Lady Jane Grey
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Edward tried unsuccessfully to will the throne to a Protestant Relative. Killed by Mary I.
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Mary I
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Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Restored Catholicism. Married to Philip II of Spain, a Catholic. Burned heretics at the stake.
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John Knox
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Church of Scotland, Presbyterian. Calvinist Influenced. "The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women" 1558.
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Elizabeth I
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Restored Anglican Protestantism after Mary's 5 year reign. Pope declared her to be an illegitimate ruler and advocated her overthrow. Established England as a Protestant Kingdom.
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Elizabethan Religious Settlement
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1559. Religious uniformity, compromise with Catholics. Everyone would be compelled to attend Sunday services in the Church of England. Supreme Catholic practices would be retained. These terms resisted by Radical Protestants over the following century.
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Philip II
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Planned an Invasion of England in order to reclaim the country for himself and Catholicism.
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Spanish Armada
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1588. England defeated Philip II's Spanish fleet, thwarting Philip's plans to invade England and reestablish Catholicism. Shifted balance of naval power in Europe toward England.
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Huguenots
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French Protestants/Calvinists.
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Catherine De' Medici
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Queen of France. Sons were last of the Valois Dynasty. Powerful queen who ruthlessly played the Huguenots and Guises against each other to expand influence.
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St Bartholomew's Day Massacre
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20000 Protestants killed. Under Medici.
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Henry IV
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Henry of Navarre. Protestant king, but became Catholic to get the role of king. "Worth a Mass." Edict of Nantes. House of Bourbon would rule France till Revolution.
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Edict of Nantes
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Religious toleration within limits. 1598. Revoked by Louis XIV.
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Thirty Years War
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1618-1648. Holy Roman Empire.
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Thirty Years War Background
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Reformation happened, Peace of Ausburg. Started local and religious and continental and political. Bohemia to Danish to Swedish to French.
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Peace of Ausburg
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1555, ended religious civil war between roman catholic and Lutherans in Germany, each German prince power to choice religion of state, failed to provide recognition for Calvinists or other religious groups
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30 years war Bohemia
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Modern day Czech Republic, Catholic Ruler but Protestant Majority. Hapsburg had granted Protestants toleration through a Letter of Majesty. Ferdinand II revoked the Letters. Led to defenestration of Prague
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Battle of White Mountain
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Decisive Catholic Victory. 30 years war.
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30 years war Danish
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Lutheran King of Denmark invades the Holy Roman Empire to help Protestants. Catholics win.
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30 years war Swedish
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Gustavus Adolphus was king of Sweden was Lutheran. Father of modern warfare.Swedish swords, France funds to maintain balance of power. Adolphus' death led to decline in Sweden's active leadership role in the Protestant cause.
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30 years war French
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Sweden funds France.
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Peace of Westphalia
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1648. No one really won. Weakened the Holy Roman Emperor, no control over princes. Dutch Netherlands independent, Alsace to France, Brandenburg gains territory, Switzerland independent confederation. Calvinism now accepted, freedom of private worship. Principalities' official religion was religion of prince. Last major religious war.
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Groups keeping medieval kings in check
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Church, nobility, representative bodies, towns, universities.
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Groups keeping medieval kings in check: Church
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Not just religious institution in early modern Europe. Bishops held considerable wealth and influence.
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Groups keeping medieval kings in check: Nobility
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Medieval kings were heavily dependent on the hereditary warrior aristocracy.
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Feudalism
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Lord/Vassal Contracts. King provides land to his vassal and Vassal swears fealty to his King. Medieval soldiers fought under the banners of their lords, not kings. The most powerful lords were protected behind the walls of fortified castles. Cities usually were fortified.
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Groups keeping medieval kings in check: Representative Bodies
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Taxation by consent. England - Parliament, France - Estates General, Prussia - Junkers.
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Groups keeping medieval kings in check: Towns and Cities
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Royal charters granted privileges and exemptions from certain taxes and laws.
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Groups keeping medieval kings in check: Universities
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Typically controlled by Church, not king.
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Absolutionist Goal and Notables
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Sovereignty. Louis XIV France, Peter the Great Russia, The Fredericks Prussia.
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Louis XIV
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Before him, kings very weak. Brought French monarchy to glory. Became king when 4. The Sun King. Founded Versailles where he expected French nobles to attend or fall out of favor so they'd be kept in their place. Never convened Estates General and wouldn't convene again till 1789. Swords were old nobility, Robes were new nobility, sale of titles and offices, independent revenue.
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Louis XIII
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Childless, had 4 stillborn kids. Wanted a miracle and dedicated France to Virgin Mary in 1638. Married to Anne of Austria.
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Cardinal Richelieu
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Adviser to Louis XIII. Initiated policies that eventually strengthened the power of the monarchy. Eliminated political and military rights of Huguenots while preserving their religious ones.
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Anne of Austria
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Louis XIV mother and Queen regent.
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Cardinal Mazatin
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Chief Minister of France 1642-1661. Attempted to carry on Richelieu's policies. Ran the government while Louis XIV was still a child. Greatly disliked by French population because he was a foreigner. People rebelled against and Louis won rebellion.
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Edict of Fontainebleu
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1685. Revoked the Edict of Nantes, provided for the destruction of Huguenot churches and closing of Protestant schools, mass exodus of Huguenots weakened the French economy and strengthened its rivals - major mistake of Louis XIV
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Gallicanism
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Pope had no power political matters. Even though Louis was devout Catholic, he was King above all and no interference.
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Jean Baptiste Colbert
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Louis XIV's Finance Minister. Associated with Mercantilism. Bourgeoisie.
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Mercantilism
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System of political and economic policy, evolving with the modern national state and seeking to secure a nation's political and economic supremacy in its rivalry with other states. Money regarded as the store of wealth and the goal of a state was the accumulation of precious metals by exporting the largest possible quantity of its products and importing as little as possible, thus establishing a favorable balance of trade. By means of economic regulation. No domestic competition. Government subsidies, monopolies, and protective tariffs. Backbone of self sufficient economy is colonies. Colonies were expected to trade exclusively with mother country and provide raw materials and consume finished goods.
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Louis XIV Economy
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In Versailles, preferred mercantilist industries were luxury goods, shipping, and armaments. Mercantilism. Colonies of Canada for furs, Louisiana for raw materials, and St Domingue for sugar.
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Holy Roman Empire
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Confederation of states.
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Prussia
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Brandenburg. Hohenzollern Dynasty/The Fredericks. Militarism. 12th largest population, 4th largest army. Protestant, religious toleration. Nobility=Junkers, cooperation and service nobility. No representative bodies because they reduced power, taxation by decree. Compulsory Public Education.
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Frederick William
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1640-1688. The Great Elector. Father of Prussian Absolutism. Elector who laid foundation for Prussian state unified by military and taxation. Built a large and efficient standing army.
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Frederick William I
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1713-1740. The Soldier King. By end of reign in 1740, doubled army's size, made it 1 of the best armies in Europe; by the treaty of Utrecht, his duchy of east Prussia was recognized as a kingdom.
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Frederick II "The Great"
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1740-1786. Enlightened Absolutist. Friend of Voltaire. King of Prussia. Invaded Austria, sparking the War of the Austrian Succession, in which he gained Silesia; invaded Saxony, sparking the Seven Years War, but did not gain any territory; he spent 2/3rds of all Prussian money on the army; proposed the First Partition of Poland, from which he gained a bit of Polish-Lithuanian territory; insisted his court spoke French; instituted a uniform civil justice system; believed strongly in education; encourage agricultural innovation. (Example of an enlightened despot.)
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Baron von Steuben
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Trained Washington's Continental Army in Prussian style drill.
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Potsdam Giants
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Internationally recruited regiment of tall soldiers
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Peter the Great
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1672-1725. Westernization, wanted warm water ports, created professional military force based on Prussian model. Father of Russian Navy. Lived simply, posterity.
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Azov Campaign
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1695-1696. Objective was to control the Sea of Azov. Peter the Great vs. the Ottoman Empire. Attempt to take with land army failed. When came supported by fleet of ships, successful.
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Peter's European Tour
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1697-1698. To England and Amsterdam. Looked at westernized ship building areas.
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Cultural Revolution Peter the Great
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Beard Tax, wearing less traditional clothes. Paid for sons of Russian nobles to study abroad in Western Europe. Changed New Year and calender to January and Western one. Church reforms: Synod - Council of Bishops and no more Patriarch figurehead, not reinstated till 1917. Christian Toleration for foreigners. Table of Ranks: Nobles all ranked at bottom and earned their way up the 14 places. Progressed by merit rather than because of their family status or connections.
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Resistance to Cultural Revolution
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Boyars-nobility, Streltsy-Musketeers, and Russian Orthodox Church were entrenched classes. Streltsy rebelled, many were executed, and were disbanded. Russian Orthodox Church led by a Patriarch had not supported Peter's reforms, had banned use of tobacco, a western import.
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General Patrick Gordon
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Scottish. Put down Streltsy rebellion. Westernized Peter's army.
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Great Northern War
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1700-1721. Russia vs. Sweden. Charles XII was King of Sweden. Battle of Navra-1700, Peter defeated. Battle of Poltava-1709, Peter wins. Gave Russia St. Petersburg/warm water port.
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Jacques Boussuet
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Divine Right Absolutism. Since kings received their power from God, no one should be able to challenge kings
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Thomas Hobbes
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Philosophical absolutism. Social Contract. "Leviathan," 1651. State of nature is state of war and a ruler should be powerful enough to be beyond challenge to keep us from destroying each other. Written during English Civil War.
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John Locke
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Philosophical and Biblical Constitutionalism. "Two Treatises of Government," 1689. Natural rights: life, liberty, property. Right of Revolution. Written during the Glorious/Bloodless Revolution. Religious toleration, rational view of government.
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Hobbes vs Locke
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Compare: Both agree that original state of humankind is state of nature and rulership is social contract not divine right. Contrast: Hobbes- Government protects us from ourselves, sovereignty with the monarch, no government power limit, and no right to revolution. Locke- Government to protect natural rights, sovereignty resides with the people, power can be limited and they have right of revolution.
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British Agricultural Revolution
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17th century. New Four-Field Crop Rotation (Wheat, Oats, Clover, Turnips). More fields used all the time made more food. Selective Breeding. Enclosure movement, no longer common field. Hurt poor farmers who lost grazing rights for their cattle on the common land but agricultural production as a whole became more market oriented and efficient. Led to population explosion that provided manpower for Industrial Revolution.
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English Poor Laws
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Workhouses provided shelter and employment for the able bodied poor.
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Jethro Tull
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Seed Drill. Made Sowing seed more efficient and precise.
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Philosophe
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Enlightened Philosopher
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Newton
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Laws of Physics. Rational View of the Universe. Precursor to Enlightenment.
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Voltaire
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French. Philosophe, Author, and Playwright. Letters on England, Philosophical Dictionary, Elements of Newton's Philosophy. Advocate of Religious Toleration. Critic of Christianity. Deism - Natural Religion.
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Emilie du Chatelet
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French Mathematician, physicist, and author. Voltaire's muse.
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Denis Diderot
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French Author and Editor. Encyclopedia. Over 4200 copies. Poet.
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Montesquieu
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Government organized on enlightenment principles. Seperation of Powers (Legislative, Executive, Judicial). Checks and Balances. Based on empirical methods by studying history.
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Rousseau
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Man is born free, freedom is submission to the general will, makes government legitimate. Acceptance of Gender Roles.
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Kant
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Essay on understanding the core principles of the Enlightenment. Critic of Pure Reason. Relationship between reason and experience. Categorical imperative, universal moral law.
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Adam Smith
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Father of Modern Economics. "Wealth of Nations." Rational self interest, enlightened selfishness, mutually beneficial exchange.
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Enlightened Absolutism
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18th century. Toleration of religious minorities, reform of institutions, absolutism, and patronage of the philosophies.
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Frederick the Great
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Prussia. Went against Machiavelli saying that a ruler should be chiefly concerned with the well-being of his subjects. Reformed bureaucracy and made it possible for non noble men to fill high up posts. Religious toleration, but still favored Protestants.
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Catherine the Great
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Russia. Patronage of Diderot. Pugachev's Rebellion: Uprising of peasants and Cossacks on the Russian frontier, she crushed. Too dependent on support of nobility to have serious modernizing reform.
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Joseph II
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Austria. Most radical, least effective. Co-Ruler with Maria Theresa. Religious Toleration inclusion Jews. Centralization of Administration in Multi-ethnic nations. Abolished serfdom, more peasant rights but landlords retained some control. Successors undid his reform.
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Totalitarianism
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Authoritarian and dictatoral governments that control all aspects of public and private life. State is more than the individual. Hyperinflation, Treaty of Trianon and Versailles, and failed self-determination made totalitarianism look like a better option.
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Bolshevik Revolution
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Formed USSR. 1917. Led by Vladimir Lenin and Trotsky it was the Russian communist party that took over the Russian goverment during WWI
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Treaty of Trianon
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Split up Hungary like the Treaty of Versailles did.
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Weimar Republic
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1919-1933. Germany briefly experimented with liberal democracy. Economic problems. Hyperinflation.
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Famous Totalitarian Regimes
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Left Wing - Opposed social hierarchy Soviet Union: Communism/Bolshevism/Leninism, Lenin and Stalin. Right Wing- Supported social hierarchy Germany: Nazism. Hitler Italy: Fascism, Mussolini
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Fascism
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Italy. Radical, authoritarian, nationalism. Benito Mussolini
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Nazi Party
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1933 Germany. Adolf Hitler. National Socialist German Workers Party.
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Bolshevism vs Fascism
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Bolsheviks: Internationalist, Worldwide Communist Revolution. Class Hatred rather than racial hatred. Fascists: Nationalist. Master Race Ideologies. The enemy is outsiders and ethnic minorities.
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Causes of WWI
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Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism.
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Militarism WWI
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HMS Dreadnaughts. Anglo-Germans Arms Race.
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Daily Telegraph Affair
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Publication of Wilhelm's opinions alienated GB, France, Russia, Japan. People called for his abdication. Growing revolutionary unrest. Abdicated in 1918.
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WWI Alliances
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Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire. Italy was in and then left later. Triple Entente: Britain, France, and Russia. Not US till later.
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Imperialism
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A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.
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Black Hand
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Serbian nationalist group that assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand June 28, 1914.
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New Modern WWI Warfare
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Machine Guns, better artillery, trench warfare, mustard gas. Resulted in prolonged battles and stalemates that resulted in high casualties and little territorial gain.
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Battle of Somme
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July-November 1916. Over 1 million casualties. 6 mile British offensive.
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Battle of Verdun
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February-December 1916. French repulse a German attack. Over 700000 casualties.
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Contrasting Protestant and Catholic Doctrine
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Protestants: Role of Bible emphasized. All individuals equal before god. Rejected Pope's authority, but Lutherans kept bishops, Calvinists governed church with ministers and a group of elders, and anabaptists had congregational democracy. Denied efficiency of sacraments of medieval church. Consubstantiation, symbolic or believer realizes presence of Christ. Justification by faith, salvation can't be earned or predestination. State controls Church, anabaptists believed completely seperate. Services emphasized the sermon. Catholics: Bible, traditions of Middle Ages, and papal pronouncements. Medieval view about special nature and role of the clergy. Medival hierarchy, believers, priests, bishops, and pope. All 7 decrements. Transubstantiation, bread and wine transformed into body and blood of Christ. Salvation by living life according to Christian beliefs. Church should absorb state. Emphasized Eucharist.
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WWI
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1914-1918. 38 million casualties.
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Revolutions of 1848
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Several European nations were swept by simultaneous revolutions. Generally failed and conservatives regained power. Britain and Russia didn't experience the revolutions that otherwise swept the rest of the continent. Ended Age of Metternich, began Age of Bismarck, ended the Politics of Peace, began the Politics of Power. Pragmatists replaced idealists as leaders of the unification movements in Germany and Italy.
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1848 Revolutionary Characteristics
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Liberals- Limit Church Influence and State Power, Republican Government, Economic Freedom and Civil Liberties. Nationalists- National unity based on common language, culture, religion, and shared history. Radical Democrats- Universal Male Suffrage Radical Socialists- Worker ownership of the means of production. Moderates supported whoever was less extreme.
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France 1848 Revolution
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Louis Philippe, the Citizen King, Constitutional Monarch. Francois Guizot, Louis Philippe's prime minister, conservative liberal. Republican banquets with middle class, 2/22/1848, Guizot prohibited. Provisional government, one member was French Socialist Louis Blanc, Said employment is a fundamental right, was a visionary who used government to implement socialist policies. National Workshops, sponsored public works programs for the unemployed, implemented on a limited basis by the Provisional Government to placate the socialist faction. Tension between moderates and radicals. Frederic Bastiat, French Classical Liberal. The Law 1850, attack on Louis Blanc and Socialism. Didn't want to pay for new gov programs with citizen taxes. 1848 Presidential Election. Republicans vs. Conservatives. Urban vs. Rural. Conservative rural voters didn't want to be taxed to pay for socialist programs.
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Louis Napoleon
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Second French Republic. 1848-1852. Divided revolutionaries unable to agree on a program. Conservatives and moderates fear excesses of radicals. Counter revolutionary conservatives regain power.
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Napoleon III
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Second French Empire. 1852-1870.Ruled France until France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War.
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Germany Revolution 1848
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Violent Uprisings. Frankfurt Parliament 1848- Pan German Parliament, drafted a Constitution for a unified Germany. Failed. Conservatives divided and conquered the revolutionaries who couldn't agree on an agenda. Blood and Iron
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Austria Revolution 1848
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Liberalism and Nationalism. The Academic Legion, student revolutionaries in Vienna. Metternich in Exile 1848-1851. Hungarian Revolution of 1848, Hungarian Parliament, campaigning, and republican nationalism. Russian intervention. Nicholas I assisted the Hapsburg counter-revolution. Hungarians surrender. Metternich returns.
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Italy Revolution 1848
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Foreign dominance, Austrians, Bourbons, and Pope. 3 unsuccessful revolutions. Giuseppe Mazzini. Romantic Nationalist, activist for Italian Unification. Roman Republic 1849, short lived. Giuseppe Garabaldi. Commander of the Italian Legion. Pope left Rome and colled for help from Catholic countries. Counter revolution. Pragmatic nationalism. After fall of Roman Republic, Garibaldi abandoned Mazzini's republican idealism and later fought to make Victor Emmanuel II the king of a united Italy.
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Britain 1848
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No revolution. Openness to Parliamentary reform. Reform Act 1832. Mines Act, Corn Laws repealed, Ten Hour Act. Great Chartist Meeting April 1848, reform from above.
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Russia 1848
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No revolution. Decembrist Revolution of 1825 was violently put down, put down rebellious impulses.
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Parliament before Reform in Britain
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House of Lords - Hereditary Nobility and Church Leaders House of Commons - Elected, Limited suffrage, property requirements to vote and hold office. Dominated by landowners.
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Rotten Boroughs
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Parliamentary districts didn't reflect the population shifts caused by the Industrial Revolution. District, town, or voting unit that only had one or a few voters, controlled by landowners. Allowed Tories to control Parliament and enrich themselves
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Tories
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Conservatives. Landed Gentry. UK
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Whigs
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Liberals. Businessmen. UK.
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Corn Laws
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1815. Protective Tariff on foreign wheat. Prices increased. Enriched the landed gentry at the expense of everyone else. Anti-Corm Law League, both liberals and radicals opposed. Radicals wanted cheaper food and liberals wanted to pay workers less. Sir Robert Peel repealed the Law.
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Reform Act of 1832
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Redistricting to reflect population shifts. No more rotten boroughs. Suffrage for the Urban middle class, lowered property requirements. No suffrage for the working class. Conservative leaders resisted working class agitation.
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Peterloo Massacre
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1819. Cavalry charged into a working class protest, killing 15 and injuring hundreds.
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Chartists
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1838-1850. Working class activists who supported the People's Charter. Universal Male Suffrage, equal sized electoral distincts, secret ballot, no property qualification, pay for members of Parliament, annual elections of Parliament. Wasn't acted upon in the short term but in the long term all were put into effect except for annual elections.
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Great Chartist Meeting
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1848. People's Charter, House of Commons didn't accept the petition, demonstrations started.
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Irish Potato Famine
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1845-1852. Potato crops failed, many starved. Helped to repeal Corn Laws
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Auguste Comte
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Father of Positive Philosophy. Proposed a new secular religion as a positivist alternative to supernatural religion. Foundation for modernist philosophy.
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Positivism
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The only valid knowledge is gained through the scientific method. Three stages: Theological/Fictitious, Metaphysical/Abstract, Positive/Scientific. Stages not mutually exclusive, different stages can exist within the same society.
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Theological Knowledge
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Religion without science. Fetishism, polytheism, and monotheism.
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Metaphysical Knowledge
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An abstract power guides events in the world. Universal laws. Scientific Religion but no atheism.
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Positive Knowledge
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Observation and experimentation. Science independent of religion.
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Ranking of Sciences from most ancient to modern
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Increasing Complexity. Mathematics, Astronomy, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Sociology.
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Altruism
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Morality of an action is determined by how it affects other human beings.
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Conservatism
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Aristocracy and landed gentry. Tradition, institutions, and privileges. Edmund Burke, Metternich. "Reflections on the Revolution in France." Inherited rights, a connection with the past
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Liberalism
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Bourgeoisie. Liberty, laissez-faire, reform, constitution, choice, individualism, natural rights, equality, progress, Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill. "Wealth of Nations." "On Liberty." Natural rights, god-given. Abolish priviledge, individualism.
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Liberal Conservatism
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Edmund Burke. Supported the American Revolution because it combined liberal values with a connection with the British tradition of government.
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Glorious vs. French Revolutions
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Glorious modified existing institutions while French destroyed existing institutions and created new.
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Romanticism
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Artists, Authors, and Poets. Beauty, nature, nostalgia, but not enlightenment. William Blake and Eugene Delacroix. "The Sorrows of Young Werther," "Frakenstein," and "Blake's Poetry." Anti Enlightenment, industiral revolution, progress, and urbanization. Childhood is age of innocence. Emotion, religion and mystical.
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Nationalism
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Everyone, transcends class. Spirit, freedom, independence. Mazzini and Hegel. "The Duties of Man." "Grimm's Fairy Tales."
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Socialism
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Working classes. Justice, equality, fairness, harmony, cooperation, association, organization, community, freedom. Louis Blanc, Karl Marx. Organization of Work, the Communist Manifesto. Abolish privilege, collectivism.
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Feminism
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Women. Gender Equality and natural rights. Mary Wollstonecraft and John Stuart Mill. A vindication of the Rights of Woman, The Subjection of Women.
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The Red Baron
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German. 80 Air Combat victories. WWI.
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Zeppelin Raids
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WWI. Germans used to bomb British cities.
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Shellshock
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Psychological response to prolonged helplessness under artillery fire.
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WWI Art
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Changed to hopelessness because of returned soldiers.
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Propaganda
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Both sides in WWI used to motivate people to support the war effort. To enlist, dehumanize the enemy, finance the war, conserve resources.
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Women and the War Effort
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Worked in munitions factories while men were at the Front. Led to women suffrage.
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Russian Revolution
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1917. Russian government pulls out of the war and then collapses.
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Treaty of Brest Litovsk
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1918. Russia cedes territory to Germany.
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Lusitania
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1915. Germany sparked an outrage by sinking a passenger ship that was carrying armaments, killing British and American civilians.
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Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
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1917. Major factor leading to US involvement in the war. When US enters, fresh troops helped boost Entente powers.
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Treaty of Versailles
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Wilson's 14 Points. Only one implemented was League of Nations, US didn't join. Germany completely blamed for war, massive reparations. Germany lost territory also. Led to some decolonization.
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Old Regime and Hierarchy
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Church (tax exempt), nobility, the rest.
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Civil Constitution of the Clergy
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Goal was for the privileged estates must be brought into the new French nation. National Assembly confiscated Church property in 1789 and abolished religious orders in 1790. Abolished mandatory tithes. Church was at the mercy of the State. Transformed the French Catholic Church into a civil religion. Election of bishops and priests, oaths of allegiance to French nation, standard pay scales, attendance policy and monitoring movement.
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Decrees of August 4th
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Abolished the feudal system. France
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Radicalization
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Civil Constitution of the Clergy was a transitional step between liberal revolution of 1789 and radical revolution of 1793. During Reign of Terror, the state would move from regulating Catholicism to attacking it.
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Second Industrial Revolution vs 1st
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1st: 1760-1830. Hand to machine. Textiles. Water, coal, steam. Steam Engine. Spinning Jenny, water frame, spinning mule, cotton gin. Awful standard of Living for the working class. 2nd: 1850-1914. Increased automation. Steel. Petroleum and electricity. Internal Combustion. Automobiles, chemicals, railroads, telegraph, telephone, radio. Improving standard of Living, expansion of Middle Class. Both had world expositions, railroads, and new military tech.
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World Expositions
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Showcased technologies.
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Congress of Vienna
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Establishment of a Conservative Order. 1815. Napoleon had surrendered, ended a quarter century of continual warfare in Europe. Objective was to undo Napoleonic Wars. Restore Balance of Power. Russia gained polish territory, France boundaries and Bourbons restored, German Confederation replaced HRE.
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Quadruple Alliance
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Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain. For Congress of Vienna. Wanted no punishment for France since for balance of power it must remain powerful.
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Metternich
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Austrian Foreign Minister. Conservatism. Wanted tradition, institutions, aristocracy. No liberal reform, popularity, and nationalism.
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Concert of Europe
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Great Powers would informally work together to maintain existing national boundaries and prevent revolutions. Informal precedent for later League of Nations, NATO, UN, and EU.
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Holy Alliance
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1815-1825. Agreement between rulers of Russia, Prussia, and Austria to rule in a spirit of Christian charity and to assist each other in times of trouble/revolutionary activity.
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Precedent for Women before French Revolution
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Precedent was separate spheres. Thought of the be hysterical and corrupt men.
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Marie Antoinette
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Became a symbol for the French monarchy's extravagance in hard times. Hated.
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Women's March on Versailles
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October 5, 1789. An angry mob of armed women demanded that the king and queen vacate Versailles and come with them to Paris.
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Olympe de Gouges
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Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen. Feminism for equal rights, beheaded.
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Burke vs. Wollstonecraft
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Burke was anti revolution in France. Conservatism, inherited rights. Wollstonecraft was pro revolution in France. Liberalism, natural rights. Feminist.
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Charlotte Corday
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Assassinated Jean-Paul Marat, a Jacobin fanatic, in 1793 but unfortunately turned Marat into a martyr. Revolutionaries thought a man had made her do it, were afraid of a women able to do such things on their own.
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Revisionism
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Corday as national heroine as a champion of reason and Marat as a fanatic. Set stage for the feminist movement.
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Romanticism vs Enlightenment
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Enlightenment: Reason, Human Nature, Man Over Nature, Forward Looking, not middle ages. Romanticism: Passion and Emotion, nature, nature over man, backward looking, middle ages.
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Oliver Goldsmith
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The Deserted Village. Romantic poem about the depopulation of the English countryside.
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Frankenstein
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A critique of the excesses of science.
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Romantic Art
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Landscapes, not human subjects. Revival of gothic architecture. Turner, Delacroix.
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French Revolution Setup
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France in debt because of helping out with American Revolution. Royal weakness and aristocratic resurgence. Shortage of food in countryside.
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Assembly of Notables
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1787. Called by King Louis, hoped to get representatives from the nobility and the Church to agree to be taxed. Failed.
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Estates General
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Outdated French advisory body. Not convened since 1614. Before Revolution. 3 Estates, clergy, nobility, and rest. each estate gets one vote. Reform proposed to double the third estate for third estate or vote by head.
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Tennis Court Oath
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National Assembly pledged not to adjourn until they had adopted a constitution for France. Louis recognized as a lawmaking body and directed the other estates to join them, but brought troops to Versailles.
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Bastille
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July 14, 1789. Armed prison, taken over by citizens.
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The Great Fear
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Summer 1789. Peasant Revolt.
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The Rights of Man
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Limited government, economic liberty, political liberty. No aristocratic privilege, state religion, and absolute monarchy. Influenced by Declaration of Independence. Inalienable rights.
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German Unification
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Altered balance of Power. History of division with HRE. Nationalization between Germanic People. Austria the dominant German state. Prussian Ascendance, modern, industrialized, military, and state. Two models, one that excluded Austria and the other includes.
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Zollverein
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German Free Trade Agreement when still divided. 1st economic union of its kind in Europe.
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William I
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Appointed Otto von Bismarck as Prime Minister.
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Otto von Bismarck
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Goal was a strong unified German state under Prussian dominance. Conservative, realpolitik. Politics base don power, not ideals. Ban Socialist parties but sponser Europe's first social welfare programs. Old Age Pensions, Accident Insurance, Health Insurance. Anti Catholic policies appealed to anticlerical liberals who were otherwise turned off by his authoritarian conservatism. Supported industrialization.
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Schleswig Wars
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Established German dominance over German speaking territories. Fought on Pretense of liberating pockets of ethnic Germans under Danish control. Prussia annexed several smaller German states but South still resisted.
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Austro Prussian War
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Established Prussia as dominant German state. 1866.
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Franco Prussian War
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United Northern and Southern Germany. 1870-71. Prussia had superior technology and organization.
