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Chapter 11) Martin Luther (1483-1546)

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protestant reformer whose criticism of indulgenges helped spark the Reformation (95 theses)/ advocated salvation by faith alone, the authority of the bible only, and a priesthood of all believers (no pope or church hierarchy)/ believe that christian women should strive to become models of wifely obedience and christian charity (baptism and communion, 2 sacraments, constansubstiation)

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Charles V

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(1519-1556) Hapsburg dynastic ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and of extensive territories in Spain and the Netherlands.

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Inquisition

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A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.

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John Calvin (1509-1564)

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most important figure in the spread of Protestantism across Switzerland

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Predestination

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(theology) being determined in advance

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Peace of Augsburg 1555

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the emperor agreed to allow princes of Germany to establish the religion of their people.

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Act of Supremacy 1534

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Henry VIII called on the people to take an oath to recognize the annulment/divorce and accept Henry, NOT the Pope, as the official head of the English Church. (Parliament's role was instrumental)

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Council of Trent 1545-1563

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addressed the issues posed by the Protestant Reformation

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Ignatius Loyola

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(1491-1556) Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits (1534); this order of Roman Catholic priests proved an effective force for reviving Catholicism during the Catholic Reformation.

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Chapter 12) Baroque Art

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Art that applies naturalistic, REALIST styles and contrast with light and dark. Religious AND secular themes. Involved with ABSOLUTISM.

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Catherine de Medici

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(1547-1589 - The wife of Henry II (1547-1559) of France, who exercised political influence after the death of her husband and during the rule of her weak sons

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St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

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wipes out protestantism, kills 7,000 people, france remains catholic, Catherine de medici had a hand in this

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Henry of Navarre

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Political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. He realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism. When he became king in 1594, the fighting in France finally came to an end.

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Edict of Nantes

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1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.

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Philip II

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(1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.

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Mary I

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"Bloody Mary". Super-Catholic. Married PHILIP II of Spain. KILLED PROTESTANTS, or exiled them.

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Mary Queen of Scots

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Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded.

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Elizabeth I

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(1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time.

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Thirty Years' War

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(1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Treaty of Westphalia

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Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic

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Chapter 13) Dutch East India Company

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A company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Richer and more powerful than England's company, they drove out the English and Established dominance over the region. It ended up going bankrupt and being bought out by the British

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Parliamentary Monarchy

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A government with a king or queen whose power is limited by the power of a parliament

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Political Absolutism

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Any form of government in which the ruler has nearly complete power, unrestrained by law or other governing bodies.

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Charles I

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(1625-1649) Stuart king who brought conflict with Parliament to a head and was subsequently executed.

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Oliver Cromwell

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English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)

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Louis XIV

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(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

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Versailles

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A palace built by Louis XIV outside of Paris; it was home to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

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Peter the Great

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(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

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Frederick William I

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(1713-1740) Calvinist; his reforms were intended to subordinate both aristocracy and peasantry to the needs of the state + subordinate needs of the states to the demands of the military; integrated economic +military structures of state; appointed only German officers to command troops, eliminating mercenaries who sold their services to the highest bidder; placed noblemen at head of locally recruited regiments; every adult male required to register for service in regiment of local landlord; by end of reign, almost 70% of state expenditures went to army, pacific foreign policy

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Millets

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Areas of town where individual religious groups could live and practice their religions.

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Chapter 14) Natural Philosophy

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Proposed by John Locke, it said that human beings had by nature certain rights, such as the rights to life, liberty, and property.

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Ptolemaic System

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Ptolemy's model of the universe with the Earth at the center

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Mechanism

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An assembly of moving parts completing a complete functional motion.

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Francis Bacon

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(1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning.

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René Descartes

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17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completly seperate; known as father of modern rationalism

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Thomas Hobbes

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..., English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)

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John Locke

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17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

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Margaret Cavendish

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Educated scientist and astronomer; excluded from English Royal Society, regardless of her many accomplishments; wrote several books contrasting her knowledge with the knowledge of other scientists.

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Blaise Pascal

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A french mathematician and scientist. He believed that religious faith was necessary because reason alone could not satisfy peoples, hopes and aspiration. Unity and Truth. wrote Pensees (means to think)

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Gian Lorenzo Bernini

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Italian architect and sculptor, famous for Saint Peter's Basilica

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