question

The Italian Renaissance was primarily

answer

a recovery or rebirth of antiquity and Greco-Roman culture.

question

The word "Renaissance" means

answer

rebirth.

question

According to Jacob Burckhardt, the Renaissance in Italy represented

answer

a distinct break from the Middle Ages and the true birth of the modern world.

question

The family of merchants and bankers who dominated Florence during the high point of the Renaissance was the

answer

Medici

question

What was the commercial and military league set up off the north coast of Germany?

answer

Hanseatic League

question

Two keys areas of Renaissance technological innovation were

answer

mining and metalworking, including manufacture of firearms.

question

The author of the Book of the Courtier, a handbook on courtly manners, was

answer

Baldassare Castiglione

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The achievements of the Italian Renaissance were the products of

answer

...

question

The aristocracy of the sixteenth century was

answer

...

question

Banquets during the Renaissance

answer

were used to express wealth and power of an aristocratic family.

question

The Third Estate of the fifteenth century was

answer

...

question

Western Europe in the Renaissance saw

answer

a decline in serfdom.

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Slavery in Renaissance Italy

answer

saw slaves from Africa and the eastern Mediterranean used mostly as courtly domestic servants and as skilled workers.

question

The reintroduction of slavery in the fourteenth century occurred largely as a result of

answer

the shortage of labor created by the Black Death.

question

Which of the following statements best describes marriage in Renaissance Italy?

answer

Marriages were usually arranged, to strengthen familial alliances.

question

By the fifteenth century, Italy was

answer

dominated by five major regional independent powers.

question

Perhaps the most famous of Italian ruling woman was

answer

Isabella d'Este.

question

Federigo da Montefeltro of Urbino was

answer

an example of a skilled, intelligent, independent Italian warrior prince.

question

The Peace of Lodi served to

answer

maintain peace between the Italian states for 40 years.

question

Machiavelli's The Prince advocates that a successful ruler must

answer

act without scruples for the good of the state.

question

Italian Renaissance humanism in the early fifteenth century, above all else

answer

was based on the study of the Greco-Roman classics.

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In the late fifteenth century, Italy became a battleground for the competing interests of

answer

Spain and France.

question

Who said, "Christ is my God; Cicero is the prince of the language."

answer

...

question

The Corpus Hermeticum

answer

contained writings on the occult as well as theological and philosophical speculations.

question

Pico della Mirandola's Oration on the Dignity of Man stated that humans

answer

could be whatever they chose or willed.

question

A subject of particular interest to fifteenth-century humanists was

answer

the Greek language.

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The liberal education taught by Vittorino de Faaltre

answer

contained as its primary goal the creation of well-rounded, virtuous and ethical citizens.

question

In Concerning Character, Pietro Paolo Vergerio argued that liberal studies led to

answer

true freedom.

question

Humanism's main effect on the writing of history was

answer

the secularization of historiography and the explanation of change over time.

question

Johannes Gutenberg was a key developer of

answer

the movable type printing press.

question

Italian artists in the fifteenth century began to

answer

...

question

Which pair of artists both sculpted a likeness of David?

answer

Donatello and Michelangelo

question

The Renaissance figure in the following list who was not a leading painter was

answer

Petrarch

question

The painter of the Rome's Sistine Chapel ceiling was

answer

Michelangelo

question

Who painted "The Last Supper"?

answer

Leonardo

question

Which of the following is not true of Northern Renaissance artists?

answer

They valued the secular human form as the primary subject of painting.

question

The "new monarchs" of the late fifteenth century in Europe

answer

were focused upon the acquisition and expansion of power.

question

The results of the Hundred Years' War

answer

(all of the above) reinvigorated and strengthened the French monarchy, caused economic turmoil in England, and temporarily strengthened the nobility in England.

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Under Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain

answer

saw Muslim power vanish from the peninsula.

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After 1438, the position of the Holy Roman Empire remained in the hands of the

answer

Habsburg dynasty.

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The Byzantine Empire was finally destroyed in 1453 by the

answer

Ottoman Turks.

question

John Wyclif primarily criticized the Church for

answer

not letting people red the Bible in the vernacular.

question

The Renaissance popes did all of the following except

answer

attempt to return to the papacy to more humble times.

question

The Renaissance papacy

answer

was often seen as corrupt and debauched, as evidenced by Alexander VI.

question

The northern Christian humanists

answer

championed the study of classical and early Christian texts to reform the Catholic Church.

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In his "philosophy of Christ," Eramus emphasized

answer

inner piety.

question

Popular religion in the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance was marked by

answer

greater popular belief in the spiritual utility of relics and indulgences.

question

Luther's religious crisis came to a head over his growing belief that

answer

no amount of good works could satisfy God's righteousness.

question

The early fifteenth century religious reformer who was burned at the stake was

answer

John Hus.

question

For Luther, the only sure source of truth and the only reliable path of faith, other than justification, was

answer

the Bible.

question

The event that eventually led to Luther's break with the church was

answer

widespread sale of indulgences by preaching monks.

question

The Edict of Worms

answer

made Luther an outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire.

question

Luther's ideas were spread primarily through

answer

sermons.

question

The Peasants' War of 1524-1525

answer

was strongly opposed by Luther who saw it as a social revolution from below against God's divine order.

question

At its outset, the Reformation in Germany was

answer

largely an urban phenomenon.

question

Which of the following was not a central belief of Lutheranism?

answer

The sale of indulgences is a proper revenue source for a church.

question

Although Charles V had many adversaries, his chief concern during his reign was

answer

Francis I of France

question

In the eastern part of his empire, Charles V faced a threat to his power from

answer

the Ottoman empire.

question

The Religious Peace of Augsburg settled the Lutheran problem by adopting the principle that

answer

the ruler of each territory determined the religion there.

question

Luther's ideas were most readily accepted in

answer

Scandinavia.

question

In the sixteenth century, Switzerland

answer

was made up of thirteen cantons, under the leadership of wealthy bourgeoisie.

question

Zwingli's interpretation of the Lord's Supper differed from Luther's in that

answer

Zwingli said the ceremony was only symbolic and that no real transformation in the bread and wine occurred.

question

The Anabaptists

answer

advocated adult baptism, and if they had been baptized as children, a second baptism.

question

The Reformation in England under Henry VIII

answer

was triggered by Henry's desire to annul his marriage.

question

Millenarianism is the belief that

answer

the end of the world is imminent.

question

England's break with the Roman church became official with the passage of the

answer

Act of Supremacy.

question

Henry's marriage to Anne Boleyn ended when he executed her for

answer

adultery.

question

Mary I Tudor earned her nickname "bloody Mary" by persecuting

answer

Protestants.

question

England's Queen Elizabeth could best be described as a

answer

moderate Protestant.

question

Which of the following are among the chief characteristics of John Calvin's reform movement?

answer

Predestination and the absolute sovereignty of God

question

In Calvin's theology, leading a godly life would be evidence that you

answer

have already been chosen to go to heaven.

question

In Geneva, the Calvinsts

answer

imposed strict penalties for blasphemy and immoral behavior.

question

The Reformation changed conceptions of the family by

answer

extolling the superior state of marriage over celibacy.

question

The Reformation affected the development of education in Europe by

answer

expanding public access to primary schooling and improving secondary schooling through gymnasiums and ministerial training.

question

The Reformation successfully abolished all of the following from the lives of Europe's Protestant community except for

answer

taverns.

question

Loyola was the founder of

answer

the Society of Jesus.

question

The Catholic Reformation's ultimate refusal to compromise with Protestantism was exemplified by

answer

the Roman Inquisition and the creation of the Index.

question

The Council of Trent

answer

reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs against the Reformation.

question

In France, the Protestant minority was known as

answer

Huguenots.

question

In France, the politiques were

answer

those who placed politics ahead of religion in an attempt to end the wars of religion.

question

The Edict of Nantes was all of the following except it

answer

expelled the Huguenots from France.

question

The greatest advocate of militant Catholicism was

answer

Philip II of Spain.

question

Philip II and Spain was ultimately unable to defeat

answer

the Dutch Republic.

question

Victory over the Spanish Armada at the end of the sixteenth century was achieved by

answer

England.

question

The primary motive for European exploration during the Renaissance was

answer

economic, the desire for precious metals and new areas for trade.

question

The Italian merchant whose tales of the court of Kublai Khan popularized China in Europe was

answer

Marco Polo.

question

The religious crusading motive for exploration was strongest in

answer

Spain and Portugal

question

The Pole Star as a navigational device was useless

answer

south of the equator.

question

Prince Henry the Navigator established the first school for mariners at his court in

answer

Portugal.

question

Portugal became the early leader in European expansion largely through

answer

defeating Muslim opposition in establishing trade opportunities with India.

question

The sea captain who first made a sea voyage directly from Europe to India was

answer

Vasco de Gama.

question

In the 1440s, among the first profits the Portuguese derived from their maritime exploration and returning ships came from the sale of

answer

African slaves.

question

Spanish expansion and exploration of the New World was best exemplified by

answer

the conquest of the Aztec Empire by Cortes.

question

John Cabot, a Venetian, sailed for

answer

England.

question

The first known circumnavigation of the earth is associated with

answer

Ferdinand Magellan.

question

The Treaty of Tordesillas divided

answer

the New World between Spain and Portugal.

question

The Book of Common Prayer was

answer

the first compendium of worship in English.

question

The Mesoamerica civilization which existed at the time of European exploration was the

answer

Aztec.

question

The major European disease that resulted in high rates of mortality among the natives of the New World was

answer

smallpox.

question

Encomienda were

answer

a Spanish system devised to collect tribute from natives and to use their labor.

question

The Aztec empire, which Cortez conquered in 1519, was located

answer

in central Mexico.

question

The conquistador who conquered and looted the Inca Empire in 1531 was

answer

Pizarro.

question

The major critic of the Spanish treatment of the American natives was

answer

Bartolome de Las Cases.

question

The European nation that established a settlement at Africa's Cape of Good Hope was

answer

the Dutch Republic.

question

Native Americans were not widely used as slaves on sugar plantations because

answer

their populations were too small due to European diseases.

question

Between the sixteenth and the nineteenth centuries, the number of African slaves shipped to the New World is estimated at

answer

ten million.

question

The African slave trade

answer

increased the number of wars in Africa because of the increasing demand for prisoners who could be sold as slaves.

question

Portugal's handicap in its attempt to dominate Southeast Asian trade was that

answer

the kingdom was too small, lacking a sufficient population to govern an empire.

question

The European nation that took over the spice trade from Portugal was

answer

the Dutch Republic.

question

The Book of Common Prayer includes collects. A collect is a(n)

answer

prayer.

question

India's Mughal dynasty was

answer

Mongol in origin.

question

The major western rival to the British in India in the seventeenth century was

answer

France.

question

In an appendix to the 1552 edition of The Book of Common Prayer,

answer

any real presence of Christ's natural flesh and blood in the service of communion is denied.

question

The local British population in India's Fort William was imprisoned in the

answer

"black hole of Calcutta."

question

The European nation that had the first direct contact with China since Marco Polo was

answer

Portugal.

question

Which empire was described as "an old, crazy, first-rate man of war" but because of incompetent leadership was destined to be "dashed to pieces on the shore"?

answer

the Chinese Empire

question

In Japan, Tokugawa Ieyasu

answer

expelled all missionaries.

question

The first permanent English settlement in North America was

answer

Jamestown.

question

A Mercator projection

answer

shows the true shape of landmasses in a limited area on a map.

question

One of the major economic problems of the sixteenth century in Europe was

answer

inflation.

question

The inflation of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries

answer

caused a decline in the standard of living for wage earners and those on fixed incomes.

question

Which of the following statements best applies to the economy of sixteenth- and seventeenth century Europe?

answer

The joint stock company enable the raising of spectacular sums of capital for world trading ventures.

question

The financial center of Europe in the seventeenth century was

answer

Amsterdam.

question

Which of the following was given a monopoly over silver, copper, and mercury mines in the Habsburg possessions of central Europe that produced profits in excess of 50 percent per year?

answer

Jacob Fugger

question

Which of the following was not a result of European expansion and exploration?

answer

the introduction of small pox into Europe.

question

By the end of the seventeenth century,

answer

local, regional, and intra-European trade was considerably greater than international trade.

question

Before the nineteenth century, which nation(s) or continent was least affected by European power and influence?

answer

China and Japan

question

An extensive multiracial society appeared first in

answer

Latin America.

question

At the end of the article "God Talk," about the Book of Common Prayer, James wood implies that:

answer

faith has declined but the book remains important.

question

What was not part of the Columbian exchange?

answer

Potatoes from Europe and olive trees from the New World.

question

The most famous map projection in history is

answer

that of Gerardus Mercator.

question

Seventeenth-century European population

answer

fluctuated narrowly, constrained by famines and diseases.

question

The witch hunts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

answer

were often directed against old single women.

question

Which artist painted the version of "Judith and Holofernes" featured in your text?

answer

Gentelleschi

question

The Thirty Years' War

answer

is considered by most to be part of the larger Bourbon-Habsburg struggle.

question

Gustavus Adolphus, who led the Lutheran armies in the Thirty Years' War until he was killed at Lutzen, was king of

answer

Sweden.

question

As a result of the Peace of Westphalia of 1648

answer

German states were allowed to determine their religion.

question

Following the Thirty Years' War, what country became dominant in Europe?

answer

France

question

In the Thirty Years' War, Wallenstein was a general who fought for

answer

the Emperor Ferdinand.

question

All of the following were part of the "military revolution" in the century after 1560 except

answer

the increased use of militias and volunteer soldiers.

question

Cardinal Richelieu understood that, in Louis XIV's France, the most important roadblocks to building a strong monarchy was

answer

resistance by the great nobles.

question

Jacques Bossuet's Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture

answer

was the fundamental statement of seventeenth-century divine right monarchy.

question

Absolutism means

answer

ultimate authority rests solely in the hands of a king who rules by divine right.

question

As Louis XIII's chief master, Cardinal Richelieu was most successful in

answer

strengthening the central role of the monarchy in domestic and foreign policy.

question

The uprising in France that nearly overthrew Louis XIV early in his reign was the

answer

Fronde.

question

Louis XIV restructured the policy-making machinery of the French government by

answer

(a and b) personally dominating the actions of his ministers and secretaries and stacking the royal council with loyal followers from relativity new aristocratic families.

question

The economic policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Louis XIV's controller general of finances

answer

were based of the economic theory of mercantilism that stressed government regulation of economic affairs to benefit the state.

question

Louis XIV used his palace of Versailles to

answer

dominate the nobility and display his grandeur.

question

The chief reason for the wars of Louis XIV was

answer

his desire to insure the dominance of France and his Bourbon dynasty in all Europe.

question

The War of Spanish Succession ended when Philip V of Spain

answer

conceded to a permanent split between the French and Spanish thrones.

question

The defenestration that spurred on the beginning of the 30 Years' War occurred in

answer

Munich.

question

Louis XIV's Edict of Fountainebleau

answer

revoked the earlier Edict of Nantes, curtailed the rights of French Protestants, and caused thousands of highly skilled Huguenot to flee the country.

question

After 1648, the Holy Roman Empire

answer

was not really an empire at all but rather a loose association of 300 German states.

question

Frederick William the Great Elector built Brandenburg-Prussia into a significant European power by

answer

making the General War Commissariat the bureaucratic machine of his state.

question

The capital of the Habsburg Empire was in

answer

Austria.

question

Which of the following exerted the most influence on Italy by the eighteenth century?

answer

Austria

question

Russian society in the seventeenth century

answer

was characterized by a highly oppressive system of serfdom.

question

Which of the following statements best applies to Peter the Great of Russia?

answer

His program of Europeanization was predominately techinal and aimed at modernizing the military.

question

Peter the Great's ambition was to make Russia more like

answer

western Europe.

question

Scandinavia in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries witnessed

answer

Sweden become a second-rate power after the Great Northern War.

question

In 1529 and again in 1683, Vienna was seriously threatened by

answer

the Ottoman Empire.

question

Under the liberum veto, an act of the Polish Sejm could be vetoed by

answer

any member of the Sejm.

question

The "sleeping giant" of Eastern Europe in the first half of the seventeenth century was

answer

the Ottoman Empire.

question

The "Golden Age" of the Dutch Republic in the seventeenth century witnessed

answer

(b and c) the economic prosperity of the United Provinces ruined by series of wars late in the century and the temporary weakening of the States General.

question

James I of England alienated most of the members of Parliament by

answer

insisting on his rights to govern through Divine Right.

question

The Petition of Right (1628), among other things,

answer

maintained that the King could pass no new tax without the consent of Parliament.

question

Charles I was forces to call the Long Parliament into session in 1640 to deal with

answer

a Presbyterian uprising in Scotland.

question

Under Charles II, Parliament passed the Test Act to

answer

stipulate that only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices.

question

The "Glorious Revolution" in 1688 in England was significant for

answer

bloodlessly deposing James II in favor of William of Orange.

question

The incident that prompted the nobles to depose James II was

answer

the birth of a Catholic son.

question

The English Bill of Rights

answer

laid the foundation for a constitutional monarchy.

question

Thomas Hobbes

answer

stated that mankind was animalistic, and needed a strong government to maintain social order.

question

John Locke was resposible for

answer

emphasizing the social contract between the people and government.

question

Thee artistic movement Mennerism reached its peak with the work of

answer

El Greco.

question

Baroque art

answer

attempted to bend the feelings of the religious reformations with classical Renaissance art.

question

The Baroque painter who used the violent motion, heavily fleshed nudes, and dramatic use of light and shadow, and rich sensuous pigments in his painting was

answer

Peter Paul Rubens.

question

The greatest figure of Baroque art was

answer

Gian Lorenzo Bernini.

question

The patriotic enthusiasm and pride of the English during the Elizabeth era is best characterized by the

answer

plays of William Shakespeare.

question

The first female painter admitted to the Guild of St. Luke in Haarlem and who painted scenes of everyday life was

answer

Judith Leyster.

question

The Dutch painter Rembrandt van Rijn was noted for

answer

being the one great Protestant painter of the seventeenth century.

question

The French playwright Moliere is noted for all of the following except

answer

perfecting neoclassical tragedy.

question

The Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century

answer

although an innovative phase in western thinking, was based upon the intellectual and scientific accomplishments of previous centuries.

question

All of the following are considered possible influences and causes of the Scientific Revolution except

answer

the practical knowledge and technical skills emphasized by sixteenth-century universities.

question

Which of these ancient authorities was not relied on by medieval scholars?

answer

Galileo

question

According to Leonardo da Vinci, what subject was the key to understanding the nature of things?

answer

Mathematics

question

Scholars devoted to Hermeticism

answer

saw the world was a living embodiment of divinity where humans could use mathematics and magic to dominate nature.

question

The general conception of the universe before Copernicus was that

answer

the earth was the stationary center and heavenly spheres orbited it.

question

The greatest achievements in science during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries came in what three areas?

answer

Astronomy, medicine, and mechanics

question

The Ptolemaic conception of the universe was also known as

answer

the geocentric conception.

question

Copernicus preferred the heliocentric model because

answer

...

question

Copernicus's major book was titled

answer

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

question

The immediate reaction of the clerics to the theories of Copernicus was

answer

condemnation, initially by Protestant leaders like Luther who condemned the discovery as contrary to their literal interpretation of the Bible.

question

The ideas of Copernicus were

answer

...

question

Following upon Copernicus's heliocentric theories

answer

...

question

Tycho Brahe contributed to the advance of astronomy by

answer

...

question

Johannes Kepler was the first astronomer to show that

answer

...

question

Galileo wrote

answer

The Starry Messenger.

question

The first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by telescope was

answer

Galileo.

question

Galileo was convicted of heresy and sentenced to house arrest for life in 1633 for

answer

ridiculing the Ptolemaic model in print.

question

Galileo's Dialogue on the Two World Systems was really an attempt to

answer

...

question

What actions did the Catholic Church pursue concerning Galileo and his ideas?

answer

...

question

Galileo's ideas on motion included the

answer

...

question

Isaac Newton's scientific Discoveries

answer

...

question

Newton's contribution to astronomy was to prove that

answer

the planets obey the same laws as do objects on earth.

question

Newton invented

answer

the calculus.

question

Newton's major work was

answer

Principia

question

Paracelsus revolutionized the world of medicine in the sixteenth century by

answer

...

question

Among the following, who is not associated with major changes in sixteenth and seventeenth-century scientific research?

answer

Galen

question

On the Fabric of the Human Body

answer

was Andreas Vesalius' masterpiece on anatomical structure.

question

William Harvey's On the Motion of the Heart and Blood refuted the ideas of

answer

the liver as the beginning point of the circulation of blood.

question

The scientist whose work led to the law that states that the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted upon it and who argued that matter is composed of atoms, later known as the chemical elements, was

answer

Robert Boyle.

question

Antoine Lavoisier

answer

is regarded as the father of modern chemistry.

question

The role of women in the Scientific Revolution is illustrated by

answer

Margaret Cavendish, who participated in her era's scientific debates.

question

The overall effect of the Scientific Revolting on the argument about women was to

answer

generate facts about differences between men and women that were used to prove male dominance.

question

Margaret Cavendish attacked the belief

answer

that humans through science were masters of nature.

question

Maria Winkelmann

answer

a German astronomer.

question

Benedict Spinoza believed that women

answer

were "naturally" inferior to men.

question

The philosophy of Rene Descartes

answer

stressed a separation of mind and matter.

question

What was the name of Descartes' book that expounded his theories about the universe?

answer

Discourse on Method

question

Descartes believed that the world could be understood by

answer

the same principles inherent in mathematical thinking.

question

The Foundation of Francis Bacon's methodology was

answer

inductive reasoning.

question

Organized religions in the seventeenth century

answer

rejected scientific discoveries that conflicted with the Christian view of the world.

question

Benedict de Spinoza

answer

claimed that God was not just the creator the universe - God was the universe.

question

For Spinoza, the failure to understand God led to

answer

people using nature for their own self-interest.

question

In his work Pensees, Pascal

answer

attempted to convince rationalists that Christianity was valid by appealing to their reason and emotions.

question

For Blaise Pascal, humans

answer

could not understand infinity, only God could.

question

Concerning the first important scientific societies, the French Academy differed from the English Royal Society in the former's

answer

...

question

During the seventeenth century, royal and princely patronage of science

answer

became an international phenomenon.

question

The scientific societies of early modern Europe established the first

answer

scientific journals appearing regularly.

question

Science became an integral part of Western culture in the eighteenth century because

answer

it offered a new means to make profits and maintain social order.

question

Which one of the following comments best summarizes impact of the Scientific Revolution on Western Civilization?

answer

It was a major turning point.

question

The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was

answer

Fontenelle.

question

Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended

answer

the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life.

question

Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, defined the Enlightenment as

answer

"man's leaving his self-caused immaturity."

question

European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by the emergence of

answer

secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life.

question

The works of Fontenelle announce the Enlightenment because they

answer

popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion.

question

A major inspiration for travel literature in the eighteenth century were the Pacific Ocean adventures of

answer

James Cook.

question

Denying Descartes' belief in innate ideas, John Locke argued that every person was born with

answer

a blank slate.

question

The French philosophes

answer

were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.

question

Isaac Newton and John Locke

answer

provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society.

question

The French philosophes mostly included people from

answer

the nobility and the middle class.

question

In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu argued that the best political system in a modern society is one where

answer

power is divided between the three branches of government.

question

The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was

answer

Paris.

question

A key type of enlightened writing fueling skepticism about the "truths" of Christianity and European society was

answer

travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures.

question

The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was

answer

Francois Quesnay.

question

Voltaire was best known for his criticism of

answer

religious intolerance.

question

An early female philosophe who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was

answer

the Marquise du Chatelet.

question

Deism is the belief that

answer

God created the universe but does not actively run it.

question

The purpose of Diderot's encyclopedia, according to him, was to

answer

change the general way of thinking.

question

The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to

answer

the social sciences.

question

Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and prudery was his

answer

28-volume Encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes.

question

Adam Smith believed that government

answer

should not interfere in people's economic decisions.

question

The author of The Progress of the Human mind and who became a victim of the French Revolution was

answer

Condorcet.

question

Who said that individuals "will forced to be free"?

answer

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

question

Montesquieu's Persian Letters

answer

was a method that allowed him to criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy.

question

For Rousseau, the "general will" was

answer

a social consensus to which the individual must bow.

question

For Rousseau, what was the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes?

answer

private property

question

Rousseau's influential novel, Emile, deals with these key Enlightenment themes:

answer

proper child rearing and human education.

question

Salons were

answer

literary-minded gatherings where advanced ideas were discussed.

question

The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by

answer

Mary Wollstonecraft.

question

The Rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century was

answer

evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann.

question

Choose the correct relationship between the Rococo artist and his work.

answer

Antoine Watteau - Reture from Cythera

question

Johann Sebastian Bach

answer

produced religious music as a way to worship God.

question

European music in the later eighteenth century was well characterized by

answer

Haydn and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy to Germany to the Austrian Empire.

question

Which eighteenth-century composer was considered most innovative and wrote the opera, The Marriage of Figaro?

answer

Mozart

question

Eighteenth-century writers, especially in England, used this new form of literary expression to attack the hypocrisies of the era and provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers:

answer

novels.

question

The English writer who argued in A Serious Proposal to the Ladies that women should become better educated was

answer

Mary Astell.

question

The French Rococo painter who portrayed the aristocratic life as refined, sensual, and civilized was

answer

Antoine Watteau.

question

The growth of reading and publishing in the 18th century was aided and characterized by the development of

answer

magazines for the general public.

question

High culture in the eighteenth-century Europe was characterized by the

answer

enormous impact of the publishing industry.

question

The eighteenth century musical composition that has been called one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputably a masterpiece of the highest order is

answer

Handel's Messiah.

question

A less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the eighteenth century is associated with

answer

Beccaria.

question

Concerning the European legal system, by the end of the eighteenth sentury

answer

corporal and capital punishment were on the decline.

question

The punishment of crime in the eighteenth century was often

answer

public and very gruesome.

question

Carnival was celebrated in the weeks leading up to

answer

Lent.

question

A cheap and popular alcoholic drink in eighteenth century England was

answer

gin.

question

Pogroms were

answer

instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities.

question

In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant,

answer

still played a major role in social and spiritual areas.

question

The Jews of eighteenth-century Europe

answer

won the right to publicly practice of their religion in Austria with Joseph II's Toleration Patent of 1781.

question

The religious denomination founded by John Wesley in England to provide a more emotionally fulfilling religious alternative to the Church of England was

answer

Methodism.

question

In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism, in what two countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers chose new religious movements?

answer

England and Germany

question

Politically, the period from 1715 to 1789 witnessed

answer

the continuing process of centralization in the development of nation-states.

question

During the eighteenth century, the idea of Divine Right

answer

...

question

France in the eighteenth century

answer

...

question

Louis XV's most famous mistress was

answer

Madame de Pompadour.

question

In the 1700s, members of the British Parliament were

answer

chosen in different ways in different districts.

question

In England, a legislative district controlled by one man or one family was known was a

answer

pocket borough.

question

By the eighteenth century, the Dutch Republic

answer

...

question

A continuing trend throughout eighteenth-century Prussia was

answer

...

question

The composer J.S. Bach prefers:

answer

Lady Gaga wigs.

question

Under the reign of Frederick William I, Prussia

answer

became a highly centralized European state.

question

Under Frederick II "the Great" of Prussia, the most important offices in the government usually went to

answer

members of the nobility.

question

The Austrian Empire under Joseph II

answer

witnessed general discontent due to Joseph's enlightenment but radical reforms.

question

In a sincere effort to reform his domains typical of enlightened rulers, the Austrian emperor Joseph II issued

answer

6,000 decrees and 11,000 new laws.

question

The enlightened legal reforms expressed by Catherine the Great in her Instruction

answer

accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten.

question

Catherine the Great of Russia

answer

followed a successful policy of expansion against the Turks.

question

Pugachev's rebellion broke out after

answer

Catherine II worsened conditions for the peasantry.

question

Which of the following countries did not participate in the partition of Poland:

answer

England.

question

The dismemberment of Poland in the late eighteenth century

answer

showed the necessity of a strong, centralized monarchy to defend a state in the period.

question

During the eighteenth century, Spain

answer

...

question

Labeled as "one of the most enlightened monarchs of his age" and among the most successful in wresting power away from the nobility was

answer

Joseph II of Austria

question

Enlightened absolutism in the eighteenth century

answer

could never completely overcome the political and social realities of the time.

question

European diplomacy during the eighteenth century was predicted on the idea that

answer

in a balance of power, one state should not achieve dominance over another.

question

The War of Austrian Succession began in 1740 when Prussia attacked the Habsburg province of

answer

Silesia.

question

The young Habsburg empress whose country was attacked in the War of Austrian Succession was

answer

Maria Theresa.

question

The Diplomatic Revolution resulted when Maria Theresa of Austria refused to recognized the loss of

answer

Silesia, and gained a French alliance.

question

Which war do some historians regard as the first world war?

answer

The Seven Years' War

question

As a result of the French and Indian Wars, France

answer

lost Canada.

question

European warfare in the eighteenth century was characterized by

answer

limited objectives and elaborate maneuvers.

question

Of the great European powers in the eighteenth century, the only one not to possess a standing army and to rely on mercenaries was

answer

Great Britain.

question

European population growth in the second half of the eighteenth century

answer

was nearly double the rate of the first half of the century.

question

All of the following contributed to the growth of population in the second half of the eighteenth century except

answer

the end of typhus and smallpox.

question

A key financial advantage the British government enjoyed over French rulers in the eighteenth century was

answer

Britain's capacity to borrow large sums of money at low rates of interest.

question

All of the following were persistent trends in the upper-class eighteenth-century European family except

answer

...

question

European society in the eighteenth century witnessed

answer

...

question

New European attitudes toward children are made visible in all of the following except

answer

...

question

Which one of the following non-native, imported products allowed Irish peasants to survive on the small plots of land left to them by English landlords?

answer

potatoes.

question

The domestic system of industrial production in Flanders and England became known as the

answer

cottage system.

question

A key financial innovation of the eighteenth century was

answer

the circulation of paper banknotes compensating for the lack of coinage.

question

All of the following are correct about trade and commerce in the eighteenth century except

answer

...

question

Which of the following cities did not benefit significantly from eighteenth century Atlantic trade?

answer

Rome

question

A favorite type of private charity supported by the rich in eighteenth-century Europe was

answer

foundling homes for poor and abandoned children.

question

Europe's unequal social organization in the eighteenth century was

answer

determined by the division of society into traditional orders.

question

The European peasantry in the eighteenth century

answer

often owed extensive compulsory services to aristocratic landowners.

question

The special legal privileges of the European nobility included all of the following except

answer

guarantees against becoming poor.

question

Andrea Palladio was a noted Venetian

answer

architect.

question

The Grand Tour

answer

generally completed the proper education of an aristocrat's sons.

question

Which of the following statements best describes eighteenth-century European cities?

answer

They were still filthy and lacked proper sanitation

question

By the eighteenth century, the largest European city in terms of population was

answer

London.

question

The problem of poverty in the eighteenth-century Europe was

answer

aggravated by the hostile feelings of government officials toward the poor.

question

At the beginning of the eighteenth century,

answer

the old order still remained strong.

question

On July 4, 1776, the delegates of the Second Continental Congress approved

answer

the Declaration of Independence.

question

The colonists won their war for independence due to

answer

generous military and financial aid from various European states, especially France.

question

The defeat of General Cornwallis and his army at Yorktown in 1781, leading to British abandonment of the Revolutionary War, was achieved by

answer

a combined American and French army supported by a heavily armed French fleet.

question

The Constitution of the United States of 1789

answer

created a republic in which the branches of government provided checks on one another.

question

The American Revolution affected Europeans by

answer

proving that the ideas of the Enlightenment could be realized politically.

question

A key conduit of "enlightened" American political and moral ideas back to Europe was formed by

answer

the hundreds of literate and influential French army and navy officers who had fought on the American side during the Revolutionary War.

question

In France, the First Estate was composed of

answer

the clergy.

question

The most immediate cause of the French Revolution was

answer

the government's failure to resolve its debts and other economic problems.

question

The French economy of the eighteenth century was

answer

growing due to an expansion of foreign trade and industrial production.

question

By convening the Estates General in 1789,

answer

the government all but conceded to the sovereignty of the people in their own taxation.

question

The Third Estate was composed of all of the following except

answer

the clergy.

question

Compared to the American Revolution, the French Revolution was

answer

more influential in Europe as a model of rebellion.

question

By the eighteenth century, the French bourgeoisie and nobility were

answer

increasingly less distinguishable from each other.

question

When the government called for the Estates General to meet,

answer

it doubled the number of representatives from the Third Estate.

question

In 1789, the Estates-General was

answer

divided over the issue of voting by "orders" or by "head."

question

Sieyes wrote "What is the Third Estate?" to support the political demands of the

answer

common people.

question

As one measure of the French crown's terrible financial predicament, by 1788 the interest payments on the state debt alone amounted to

answer

one-half of all government spending.

question

Just prior to the Revolution in France, the number of the poor in France

answer

went up significantly.

question

In the summer of 1789, when the "revolution of the lawyers" appeared doomed by imminent royal use of armed force, the Revolution as a whole was saved by

answer

the intervention of armed commoners, especially in urban uprisings.

question

The cahiers de doleances called for

answer

abolishing the fiscal privileges of the church and nobility.

question

The French revolutionary slogan neatly evoking the ideals of the rebellion was

answer

"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!"

question

The controversy over voting by order versus voting by head in the Estates-General saw

answer

the Third Estate respond by forming a "National Assembly."

question

All of the following were accomplished by the National/Constituent Assembly except the

answer

legal defense of seigneurial rights throughout the country.

question

The King's fortress in Paris, which a mob stormed on July 14, 1789, touching off a wave of riots throughout France, was

answer

the Bastille.

question

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen guaranteed

answer

equality under the law for all French men.

question

Olympe de Gouges

answer

wrote The Declaration of the Rights of the Woman and the Citizen.

question

In regard to the Catholic Church, the National Assembly

answer

passed legislation that secularized church offices and clergymen.

question

In the French Constitution of 1791, who had the right to vote?

answer

male citizens who met a tax qualification

question

What group emerged as the most important racial element in French politics, at the beginning of the French Revolution?

answer

Jacobins

question

In 1792, the Legislative Assembly declared was on

answer

Austria.

question

During the early stages of the "Radical Revolution," the National Convention

answer

was controlled by the Mountain, which defeated the less radical Girondins.

question

In September of 1792, the National Convention

answer

abolished the monarchy and established a republic.

question

The head of the Committee of Public Safety who presided over the terror in France in 1793 and 1794 was

answer

Robespierre.

question

The French Republic's army in the 1790s

answer

fueled modern nationalism and was raised through total mobilization of the population.

question

During the Reign of Terror, the majority of the victims were

answer

peasant and laboring classes.

question

In regard to religion, the National Convention

answer

took measures to de-christianize the republic.

question

Which of the following is not true of the French revolutionary republican calendar?

answer

Most Christian holidays were kept.

question

A successful slave rebellion against French rule occurred in

answer

Haiti.

question

The chief accomplishment of the National Convention was

answer

preservation of the revolution from being destroyed by foreign enemies.

question

The government of the Directory in the period of the Thermidorean reaction

answer

increasingly had to rely on military support for its survival.

question

All of the following are true about Napoleon and his career before 1799 except

answer

he made rapid progress and achieved the status of a general even before the Revolution.

question

The chief reason for Napoleon's fast rise to power was/were his

answer

series of stunning victories over the enemies of France.

question

Which of the following statements best applies to Napoleon?

answer

He was both a child of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.

question

Which of the following statements best applies to Napoleon's domestic policies?

answer

His Civil Code reaffirmed the ideals of the Revolution while creating a uniform legal system.

question

In the Concordat of 1801, Napoleon made peace with

answer

the Church.

question

A prominent writer who denounced Napoleon's despotic rule was

answer

Germaine de Stael.

question

Not among the factors in the defeat of Napoleon was

answer

mass reactions to his brutal suppression of local customs in the conquered countries.

question

Napoleon's Continental System tried to defeat the British by

answer

preventing British trade.

question

The German philosopher who initially welcomed the French Revolution, turned against it, becoming instead an advocate of a German national spirit was

answer

Schiller.

question

Napoleon met his final defeat at the Battle of

answer

Waterloo.

question

The Industrial Revolution had its beginnings in

answer

Great Britain.

question

Britain's emergence as the first industrial power was aided by all of the following except

answer

Parliament's heavy and controlling involvement in private enterprise.

question

The Industrial Revolution in Britain was largely inspired by

answer

entrepreneurs who sought and accepted the new profitable manufacturing methods.

question

The infrastructure advantages in Britain promoting rapid industrialization included all of the following except

answer

internal customs posts.

question

The spinning jenny was invented by

answer

Richard Hargreaves.

question

The first step toward the Industrial Revolution in Britain occurred within its

answer

cotton textile industry.

question

Britain's cotton industry in the late eighteenth century

answer

was responsible for the creation of the first modern factories.

question

Which one of the following allowed steam engines to be located away from rivers?

answer

They ran on coal.

question

Which of the following inventions proved vital to the industrialization of British cottom

answer

(all of the above) Arkwright's spinning frame, Hargreaves' spinning jenny, and Cartwright's power loom.

question

James Watt was vital to the Industrial Revolution for his invention of

answer

a rotary engine that could spin and weave cotton.

question

Textile workers in which of the following countries, formerly dependent on such work, could no longer compete with British cotton produced with the aid of steam engines?

answer

India

question

The success of the steam engine in the Industrial Revolution made Britain dependent upon

answer

coal.

question

The Englishman Henry Cort was responsible for the process in iron smelting known as

answer

puddling.

question

In 1804, Richard Trevithick pioneered

answer

the first steam-powered locomotive on an industrial rail line.

question

The development of the railroads in the Industrial Revolution was important in

answer

increasing British supremacy in civil and mechanical engineering.

question

The new set of values established by factory owners during the Industrial Revolution

answer

relegated the worker to a life of harsh discipline and the rigors of competitive wage labor.

question

A frequent method employed to make the many very young boys and girls working in new British industries obey the owner's factory discipline was

answer

repeated beatings.

question

The rise of the industrial factory system deeply affected the lives and status of workers who now

answer

no longer owned the means of economic production and could only sell their labor for a wage.

question

Britain's Great Exhibition of 1851 was held

answer

in the newly built Crystal Palace.

question

One of the chief reasons why Europe initially lagged behind England in industrialization was a lack of

answer

roads and means of transportation.

question

To keep their industrial monopoly, Britain attempted to

answer

prohibit industrial artisans from going abroad.

question

Industrialization began on the continent first in

answer

Belgium, France and Germany.

question

One of the differences between British and Continental industrialization was that

answer

government played a larger role in Continental industrialization.

question

Friedrich List showed how Germany could catch up with British industry by

answer

protecting infant industries with high tariffs.

question

Which one of the following men established the first textile factory using water-powered spinning machines in Rhode Island in 1790?

answer

Samuel Slater.

question

By 1850, all of the following countries were close to Britain in industrial output except

answer

Russia.

question

Who wrote Life on the Mississippi?

answer

Mark Twain

question

The first Continental nations to completely establish a comprehensive railroad system were

answer

Belgium and Germany.

question

In the United States, right after the Civil War what began to replace steam boats as a viable mode of transportation on many routes?

answer

trains

question

In the early nineteenth century, much of India fell under the control of

answer

the British East India Company.

question

By 1860 what percent of the population in cities held 70 to 80 percent of the wealth in America?

answer

10 percent

question

Compared to Britain, American industrialization was a capital-intensive endeavor because

answer

there was a larger pool of unskilled laborers in the U.S.

question

The so-called American System was

answer

the use of interchangeable parts in manufacturing.

question

By 1850, the European population

answer

was over 265 million.

question

The European population explosion of the nineteenth century

answer

was largely attributable to the disappearance of famine from western Europe.

question

The only European country with a declining population in the nineteenth century was

answer

Ireland.

question

Urbanization in the first half of the nineteenth century

answer

was a phenomenon directly tied to industrialization.

question

Which of the following statements best applied to urban life in the early nineteenth century?

answer

Filthy sanitary conditions were exacerbated by the city authorities' slow response to take responsibility for public health.

question

Demographic changes that resulted from industrialization saw

answer

the new middle class move to the suburbs of cities to escape the urban poor.

question

Edwin Chadwick

answer

advocated modern sanitary reforms that resulted in Britain's first Public Health Act.

question

Which nineteenth century novelist described the coal towns as a place "where the struggling vegetation sickened and sank under the hot breath of kiln and furnace?"

answer

Charles Dickens.

question

Members of the new industrial entrepreneurial class in the early nineteenth century

answer

were usually resourceful individuals with diverse social backgrounds.

question

The new social class of industrial workers in the early Industrial Revolution

answer

worked under dangerous conditions for long hours.

question

A primary reason for the use of children as a source of labor in the Industrial Revolution was

answer

low-paid children could more easily move around large industrial equipment.

question

Women who worked in the early factories of the Industrial Revolution

answer

did not result in a significant transformation in female working patterns.

question

The English Poor Law Act of 1834

answer

established workhouses where jobless poor people were forced to live.

question

The Industrial Revolution's effect on the standard of living

answer

(all of the above) especially benefited the middle classes, led to much increased disparity between the richest and poorest classes in society, and eventually led to an overall increase in purchasing power for the working classes.

question

The Chartists in England wanted to

answer

make Parliament more democratic.

question

The Luddites

answer

destroyed industrial machines that destroyed their livelihood.

question

Efforts at industrial reform in the 1830's and 1840's in Great Britain achieved all of the following except the

answer

establishment of a national system of trade unions by 1847.

question

France's representative at the Congress of Vienna was

answer

Talleyrand.

question

Metternich's "principle of legitimacy" was another term for

answer

unfettered monarchy.

question

The Congress of Vienna

answer

created politics that would maintain the European balance of power.

question

The foreign minister and diplomat who dominated the Congress of Vienna was

answer

Klemens von Metternich.

question

Klemens von Metternich

answer

believed European monarchs shared the common interest of stability.

question

The author of Reflections in France and the founder of modern philosophical conservatism was

answer

Edmund burke.

question

At its most elementary Burkean level, conservatism

answer

sought to preserve the achievements of previous generations by subordinating individual rights to communal welfare.

question

The man long regarded as the George Washington of Latin America is

answer

Simon Bolivar.

question

The most important factor in preventing the European overthrow of the newly independent nations of Latin America was

answer

British naval power.

question

By 1824, which one of the following Latin American states had not become independent?

answer

Panama

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