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Prince Albert

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The husband and first cousin of Queen Victoria. He wanted a strong domestic policy, and he had vision of Camelot.

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Alexander II

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(r. 1855-1881) Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated.

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Alsace-Loraine

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France and Germany constantly fought over the land, used as a buffer state

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Austro-Prussian War

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Also known as the Seven Weeks' War. This war was between Austria and Prussia, with Italy helping Prussia. It was over control of the German Confederation. Prussia won, and created the North German Confederation, of which Austria was not a part, and Italy received Venetia.

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Battle of Königgrätz

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1866: Prussians defeat Austrians - Peace of Prague: Venetia to Italy

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Battle of Sedan

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September 2, 1870. France defeated. Napoleon surrendered and taken prisoner. On September 4 there was an insurrection in Paris and the Third Republic was proclaimed.

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Belgian Congo

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Exploited by Leopold II at Belgium under the Berlin Act, Leopold was supposed to act as a trustee. He violated the agreement and stripped the country of its resources.

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Berlin Conférence of 1884

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Leopold got the Congo, and rules for occupation were set up. Nations had to have "effective occupation" to produce "economic development."

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Edward Bernstein

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A revisionist social who advocated the gradual gain of socialism and looked towards Darwin's doctrines as a measure for a change in socialism's tactics

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Bessemer process

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A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

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Otto von Bismarck

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Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

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Bloody Sunday

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1905, peaceful protest to czar Nicholas II palace, led by Father Gapon, fired on by palace guards, 100s died

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Boulanger affair

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Anarchist attacks in the 1880's followed by arrests and demonstrations. The economy wasn't doing well in 1873, and there was lots of government corruption. Many French people were looking for a strongman to get revenge on the Germans. The dashing cavalry general offered revenge on the Germans and support of the monarchy. He was supported by monarchists, nationalists, and urban poor. He had a great media campaign, and a coup d'etat was likely. The government was ready to try him for treason, so he fled and later committed suicide.

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Camilo di Cavour

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appointed Prime Minister of Sardinia in 1852. Working to expand the power of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, and using careful diplomacy, making smart alliances, and being clever, he managed to unite all of Italy.

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"Civil War in France"

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Pamphlet by Karl Marx

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Joseph Conrad

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Author of Heart of Darkness and Lord Jim

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Crimean War

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(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industiralize.

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"Civilizing mission"

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the notion that colonialism was a duty for Europeans and a benefit for the colonized

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Crystal Palace exhibition

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(1851) A showcase that demonstrated the superiority of British industrial technology

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Decembrist Revolt

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Alexander I died in 1825 and restless groups in Russian army supported Constantine as Tsar over Nicholas I (because former had proposed innovations). Proclaimed him tsar at St. Petersburg - wanted Constantine and constitution. But Constantine had declared in favor of Nicholas. Five officers were hung. This was the first modern revolutionary movt in Russia.

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Charles Dickens

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English writer whose novels depicted and criticized social injustice (1812-1870)

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"Cult of domesticity"

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idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

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Benjamin Disraeli

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A British Prime Minister, parliamentarian, Conservative statesman and literary figure. Only Prime Minister of Jewish heritage. He played an instrumental role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party after the Corn Laws schism of 1846.

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Dreyfus Affair

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Incident in France where a Jewish captain was tried for treason because they military was anti-Semitic, and it divided the country

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Dual monarchy

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The joining of Austria and Hungary under two different crowns

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Duma

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The elected parliament. Though through establishing this is seemed like the Czar was giving his people power, in reality he could easily get rid of this if they made any laws or such that he didn't like.

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"Cat and mouse" act

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(1913) the act in which hunger-striking imprisoned women were released, and then re incarcerated once they resumed eating and regained their strength

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Great divergence

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Fundamental breaking point in history; rise of industrial and modern gov't in Europe; Euro vault ahead; West and the rest; most impt turning point in relationship between civilizations

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Impressionism

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Major Western artistic style that gained prominence in the second half of the 1800s and into the 1900s.Against Realism, visual impression of a moment, style that seeks to capture a feeling or experience, often very colorful.

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Claude Monet

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a French painter who used a impressionism called "super-realism," capture overall impression of the thing they were painting

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Auguste Renoir

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a French artist who was a leading painter in the development of the impressionist style

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Vincent Van Gogh

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(1853 - 1890) Dutch Post-Impressionistic painter who moved to Arles, France

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Ems dispatch

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A telegram edited by Bismark to insult the French people while making it sound as though they had insulted the Prussians. This led to the Franco-Prussian wars which Prussia won handily and violently. The French people never forgave the Prussians, setting the stage for World War I

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Millicent Fawcett

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led a group of suffragists that used a gradual approach to win the voting rights for women, lobbied members of Parliament, signed petitions, worked on educating the public

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Franco-Prussian War

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This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany).

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Francis Joseph

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Emperor of Austria following Ferdinand's abdication in 1848. Generally out of his time. Responsible for dual-monarchy.

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Giuseppe Garibaldi

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Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882).

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"Germinal"

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just growing; not developed; immature (add to later) written by Emile Zola

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William Gladstone

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A Liberal British Prime Minister who gave concessions to various parties and ultimately introduced bills for Irish self-governance

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Charles Gordon

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British officer whose "Ever Victorious Army" played a significant role in the defeat of the Taiping Rebellion.

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Great (sepoy) Rebellion

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Caused by the BEIC tough ruling over india, the Sepoys rebelled,(final straw was the greased gun cartridges) Rebellion demolished india and sent it into great poverty

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Great Reforms

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The changes made by Alexander II around the 1860s that included abolishing serfdom and creating zemstovs.

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Heart of Darkness

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Joseph Conrad, 1902. The story reflects the physical and psychological shock Conrad himself experienced in 1890, when he worked briefly in the Belgian Congo.

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Theodor Herzl

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Austrian journalist and Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state

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J.A. Hobson

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This man wrote imperialism, blamed imperialism on capitalism, biggest humanitarian critic

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Hong Kong

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A British colony in China, received after the first Opium War and returned to China in 1997

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Imperialism

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A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

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"Internationale"

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anthem for socialism

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Irish home rule

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A desire of some people in Ireland to not be ruled by England

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Irish land league

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was an Irish political organization of the late 19th century which sought to help poor tenant farmers. Its primary aim was to abolish "landlordism" in Ireland and enable tenant farmers to own the land they worked on. T

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"J'accuse...!"

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An open letter written by Émile Zola speaking of the Anti-Semitism at the Dreyfus Affair

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Rudyard Kipling

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(1864-1936) English writer and poet; defined the "white man's burden" as the duty of European and Euro-American peoples to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands

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Kulturkampf

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Bismarck's anticlerical campaign to expel Jesuits from Germany and break off relations with Vatican. Eventually, after little success, Bismarck halted these policies.

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Alfred Krupp

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German, inherited steelmaking business and later used plants to manufacture tools, railroads, cars, and weapons

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Leo XIII

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He condemned socialism and Marxism for its atheism and opposition to private property. Insisted on the moral obligation of employers to pay a living wage to workers. Wrote Rerum Novarum

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Leopold II

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Belgian king who ruthlessly exploited the natives on his African land for personal gain.

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Ferdinand de Lesseps

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In 1854, the French entrepreneur______________ signed a contract to begin construction of the suez canal. the canal was finished in 1869.

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Karl Marx

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1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

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Mass politics

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reforms encouraged expansion of political democracy through voting rights formed and creation of mass political parties

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Meiji era

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The period of time from 1867 to 1912, where the Japanese were under a new form of government. The leader tried to end Japan's problems by modernizing, and sending statesmen to Europe and North America to study foreign ways. This helped strengthen economic and military power.

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Mir

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Self governing community village

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Napoleon III

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(1852-1870) Former Louis Napoleon, who became president of the Second Republic of France in 1848 and engineered a coup d'etat, ultimately making himself head of the Second Empire.

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Neo-Europeans

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Colonists that sought to replicate the economy and social structures of Europe.

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Opium War

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1839-1842. Chinese attempted to prohibit the opium trade, British declared war and won against Chinese. Treaty of Nanjing, agreed to open 5 ports to British trade and limit tariffs on British goods and gave Hong Kong.

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Orientalism

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the west's patronizing perceptions of middle eastern, african, and asian societies. ecocentric prejudice exists in literature produced in the west. the orient is depicted as a feminized Other.

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Panama Scandal

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scandal beginning in 1892 when the French press revealed that gov't officials had lied to the public about the progress (or lack thereof) being made on the Panama Canal

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Emmeline Pankhurst

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Leader of the British suffragette movement, and helped women win the right to vote.

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Paris Commune

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The revolutionary municipal council, led by radicals, that engaged in a civil war (March-May 1871) with the National Assembly of the newly established Third Republic, set up after the defeat of Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian War

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Parliament Act of 1911

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Legislation that deprived the House of Lords of veto power in all money matters (realistically curtails the power of the House of Lords)

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Parliamentary government

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A form of government in which the executive branch is made up of the prime minister, or premier, and that official's cabinet

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"People's budget"

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A bill proposed after the Liberal Party came to power in England in 1906, it was designed to increase spending on social welfare services, but was initially vetoed in the House of Lords

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Pogroms

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an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jews in Russia or eastern Europe.

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Protectorate

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A country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power.

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Realism

answer

A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be

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Reform Bill of 1867

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Granted suffrage to all male British citizens, dramatically expanding the electorate. The success of the American democratic experiment, reinforced by the Union victory in the Civil War, was used as one of the arguments in favor of the Bill.

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Reparations

answer

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.

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Rerun novarum

answer

"Of new things": a papal encyclical that opposes both capitalism and communism in favor of a catholic social vision.

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Revanche

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The French desire for revenge against Germany for the loss of Alsace and Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War (1870)

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Revisionism

answer

The socialist idea that we should embrace socialism in a gradual advance, with no bloody war

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Revolution of 1905

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result of discontent from Russian factory workers and peasants as well as an emerging nationalist sentiment among the empires minorities.

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Cecil Rhodes

answer

Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.

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Edmond de Rothschild

answer

generous donations lent significant support to the movement during its early years, which helped lead to the establishment of the State of Israel.

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Russo-Japanese War

answer

War between Russia and Japan; Japan wins and takes parts of Manchuria under its control.

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Second Empire

answer

set up by Napoleon III in 1852, supported by 90% of popular vote from a plebiscite, brought bourgeoisie contentment & prosperity

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Second Republic

answer

Government established in France from 1848-1852, After the 1848 revolution in France, which caused Louis-Philippe to flee, this government system was put in place by revolutionists and guaranteed universal male suffrage. Louis-Napoleon (later known as Napoleon III), nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, was overwhelmingly elected president, and France enjoyed a period of stability and prosperity. This government was later overthrown in yet another coup d'etat.

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"Separate spheres"

answer

Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics

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"Scramble for Africa"

answer

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.

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Sickness Insurance Law of 1883

answer

Desiring working-class support, Bismarck passed this law

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Slavophiles

answer

Russian intellectuals in the early nineteenth century who favored resisting western European influences and taking pride in the traditional peasant values and institutions of the Slavic people.

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Social Darwinism

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A social theory which states that the level a person rises to in society and wealth is determined by their genetic background.

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Social Democratic Party

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they wanted better working conditions for the working class. bismarck feared that this would undermine the loyalty of german soldiers and turn them towards revolution. he then attempted to dissolve socialist groups, shot down their newspapers, and banned their meetings. this backfired so he sponsored new laws to protect workers with health insurance, and old age insurance

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Peter Stolypin

answer

Russian minister under Nicholas II who encouraged the growth of private farmers and improved education for enterprising peasants (1862-1911)

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Suez Canal

answer

A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

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Suffrage

answer

The right to vote

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Adolphe Thiers

answer

Prime minister under Louis-Philippe. Led the French government against the Paris Commune.

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Third Republic

answer

Government established in France from 1875-1945, French Republic started after the end of the Franco-Prussian War, which led to the demise of Napolean III, and survived until the invasion of the German third Reich. It was the longest regime from after the French Revolution.

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Trade unions

answer

Early labor organizations that brought together workers in the same trade, or job, to fight for better wages and working conditions

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Victoria

answer

Queen of England from 1837 to 1901. SHe and her husband were models of morality, symbols of British stability and middle class virtues.

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"White man's burden"

answer

idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized

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Sergei Witte

answer

Finance minister under whom Russia industrialized and began a program of economic modernization, founder of the Transiberian Railroad (1849-1915)

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Zemstvo

answer

A type of local government with powers to tax and make new laws; essentially, a training ground for democracy, dominated by the property-owning class when established in 1864

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Emile Zola

answer

An influential French writer, the most important exemplar of the literary school of naturalism and an important contributor to the development of theatrical naturalism.

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Zionism

answer

A Jewish movement starting in the 1800s that resulted in the migration of Jews to Palestine and the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948.

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