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Atlantic System

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The web of trade routes that bound together western Europe, Africa, and the Americas

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Buccaneers

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Pirates of the Caribbean who governed themselves and preyed on international shipping

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Mestizos

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Children of Spanish men and Indian women

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Pietism

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Protestant revivalist movement of the early eighteenth century that emphasized deeply emotional individual religious experience

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Peace of Utrecht

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Treaties drawn up in 1713-1714 that ended the War of Spanish Succession

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Plantations

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Large tracts of lands that produced staple crops, were farmed by slave labor, and were owned by colonial settlers from western Europe

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Westernization

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The effort, especially in Peter the Great's Russia, to make society and social customs resemble counterparts in western Europe, especially France, Britain, and the Dutch Republic

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Robert Walpole

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The first, or prime minister of the House of Commons of Great Britain's Parliament. Although appointed initially by the king, through his long period of leadership (1721-1742) he effectively established the modern pattern of parliamentary government.

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Peter the Great

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Russian tsar Peter I (1689-1725), who undertook the westernization of Russia and built a new capital city named after himself (St. Petersburg)

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Voltaire

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The pen name of Francois-Marie Arouet (1694-1778) who was the most influential writer of the early Enlightenment

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In the Peace of Utrecht (1713-1714), Philip, duke of Anjou, was finally recognized as the new king of Spain by Europe's great powers, but was forced to

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renounce any future claim to the French throne and cede Spain's territories in Italy and the Netherlands

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The revival of Jansenism, which centered on miracles that allegedly happened at the grave of a Jansenist priest, is evidence of

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the desire of ordinary people to connect themselves to what they saw as the direct work of God.

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By the eighteenth century, many Europeans began to try to provide a rationale for the institution of slavery based predominantly on

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Africans' purported mental--and thus racial--inferiority

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The Dutch economy declined in all of the following

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shipbuilding. textiles. paper manufacturing

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One result of Louis XIV's revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 was

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. the creation of a highly educated and influential opposition group that was willing to express its criticism of monarchical absolutism in writing.

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Following the deaths of William and Mary and their successor, Anne (Mary's sister), the English turned to which dynastic house for their next ruler, King George I (r. 1714-1727)

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the German House of Hanove

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The legacy of Sir Robert Walpole (1676-1745) can be described as the establishment of

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an enduring pattern of parliamentary government in which leading ministers from the majority party guide legislation through the House of Commons.

question

Although the publication of William Petty's Political Arithmetick in 1690 raised government interest in public health as an element of state power, it had little effect on the health of most people because

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. medicine was not a unified practice, the causes of disease were not known, and many people were not treated

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Children of Spanish men and Indian women were called

answer

mestizos.

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By 1740, the European state with the highest proportion of men at arms--1 of every 28 people--was

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Prussia.

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Marks: 1.00 In the Act of Union of 1707, Scottish Protestant leaders abolished the Scottish Parliament and instead agreed to obey the Parliament of Great Britain

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because they feared Jacobitism

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Marks: 1.00 English coffeehouses were

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important places to discuss politics and society

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Marks: 1.00 Which of the following statements about the Atlantic slave trade in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is not true?

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By the time the slave trade began to wind down, in the mid-nineteenth century, some five million Africans had been sold as slaves in the Americas

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European contact with China was limited because

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the Chinese distrusted the European "barbarians" and allowed them to trade only in the city of Canton.

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Peter the Great was determined to Westernize his country, and one of the most significant steps in that direction was

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founding new technical and scientific schools that were run by Western officials.

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George Frederick Handel's (1685-1759) oratorio Messiah explored a religious theme with operatic drama by using a large chorus and new musical combinations

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. through which he consciously strove to touch the emotions of the new concert-going public.

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The birth and growth of a European consumer society succeeded despite

answer

attacks by writers and intellectuals who claimed that humans were becoming gluttonous animals.

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In the eighteenth century, Enlightenment writers adopted a new historical doctrine to explain human "progress": the belief that

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humankind was moving forward to ever higher levels of development due to human, particularly European, effor

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Mary Astell (1666-1731), whose work challenged the subservient roles traditionally ascribed to women, was one of the best known of the women authors in the late seventeenth century. In 1694, she published A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, which

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advocated the founding of private women's colleges

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The largest city in the west by far in 1750 was

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London.

question

Mary Astell (1666-1731), whose work challenged the subservient roles traditionally ascribed to women, was one of the best known of the women authors in the late seventeenth century. In 1694, she published A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, which

answer

advocated the founding of private women's colleges

question

In the eighteenth century, Enlightenment writers adopted a new historical doctrine to explain human "progress": the belief that

answer

humankind was moving forward to ever higher levels of development due to human, particularly European, effort

question

Historians emphasize that what came to be called Britain's "agricultural revolution" in the 1700s cannot be attributed to

answer

important places to discuss politics and society

question

Russian tsar Peter the Great's imposition of a Table of Ranks in 1722

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divided the Russian nobility up into compulsory military, administrative, and judicial service categories

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The slave trade and the plantation system had a lasting impact on Europe because they

answer

permanently altered consumption patterns for ordinary people

question

Irish Catholics became a persecuted majority in their own country when William III defeated the deposed Catholic king James's Irish supporters in 1689 and

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the Protestant-controlled Irish Parliament passed a series of anti-Catholic laws

question

Enlightenment writers saw the solution for all social problems in

answer

the scientific method

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In England, Eliza Haywood was one of a number of eighteenth-century women who showed that they could succeed as

answer

authors of novels

question

One result of Louis XIV's revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 was

answer

. the creation of a highly educated and influential opposition group that was willing to express its criticism of monarchical absolutism in writing.

question

In the Act of Union of 1707, Scottish Protestant leaders abolished the Scottish Parliament and instead agreed to obey the Parliament of Great Britain

answer

because they feared Jacobitism.

question

The duke of Orléans (1674-1723), successor to Louis XIV and regent to the future Louis XV, took immediate steps to shore up France's crumbling finances by

answer

founding a state bank to help the government service its debt, only to see it crash within a few months in the wake of a speculative bubble

question

In seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe, doctors viewed insanity as a physical rather than an emotional ailment caused by

answer

an imbalance of bodily humors

question

The legacy of Sir Robert Walpole (1676-1745) can be described as the establishment of

answer

an enduring pattern of parliamentary government in which leading ministers from the majority party guide legislation through the House of Commons

question

The most influential writer of the early Enlightenment was

answer

Voltaire

question

Between 1690 and 1740, all of the following geopolitical developments had occurred in Europe except one.

answer

The boundaries of the Habsburg domains had been settled

question

Montesquieu's Persian Letters, anonymously published in the Dutch Republic in 1721, is an example of

answer

political critiques of European politics and society that were disguised as travel accounts

question

By the eighteenth century, many Europeans began to try to provide a rationale for the institution of slavery based predominantly on

answer

Africans' purported mental--and thus racial--inferiority.

question

Some eighteenth-century concepts called into question long-held "scientific" theories. Ovism

answer

was the new theory that the female egg was essential to human reproduction, contrary to the Aristotelian view that only the male seed carried life.

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The birth and growth of a European consumer society succeeded despite

answer

attacks by writers and intellectuals who claimed that humans were becoming gluttonous animals.

question

Eighteenth-century European trade in the Atlantic expanded rapidly and became more

answer

interconnected

question

were treated cruelly on the three-month journey across the Atlantic. As many as one-fourth died on the way.

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Slaves, bought from other Africans who acquired them through warfare or kidnapping

question

White settlement in Africa and Asia remained

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small scale

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Africa remained

answer

largely unexplored

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by 1720 the European presence in China

answer

was restricted to a small number of merchants in Guangzhou.

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By the 1740s France and England were rivals with

answer

India for controlling the spice, cotton, and silk trades. Both countries expanded their influence as India's Muslim rulers lost control to local leaders.

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Europeans found eastern religious practices

answer

exotic and interesting, but deemed the east to be culturally inferior.

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Population growth in Europe

answer

approximately 20 percent between 1700 and 1750, fueled demand for foreign goods. Declining death rates, due to improvement in the climate, better agricultural techniques, and the disappearance of the plague after the 1720s, led to a population explosion that was most noticeable in cities.

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A new economic dynamic developed as ordinary people gained more disposable income, which caused

answer

A new economic dynamic developed as ordinary people gained more disposable income, which caused

question

was opposed by many thinkers, but this did not slow its growth.

answer

"Consumerism"

question

uneven and spread from cities to the countryside, from England to the continent, and from western to eastern Europe.

answer

The consumer revolution

question

An agricultural revolution was pioneered by

answer

he Flemish and Dutch in the 1600s

question

matured in Britain in the eighteenth century and then spread throughout Europe.

answer

Agricultural revolutioin

question

Farmers increased the amount of land under cultivation; by

answer

consolidated plots into larger, more efficient units; practiced crop rotation and fodder production; and began to selectively breed their better-fed livestock

question

Result to Farmers increased the amount of land under cultivation

answer

Food prices fell, and production increased dramatically.

question

benefited most and increased their holdings by "enclosing" common land and putting pressure on small farmers and villagers to sell land and give up grazing rights

answer

Bigger landowners

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New farming techniques spread slowly across western Europe, and subsistence agriculture remained dominant

answer

...

question

From 1650 to 1750, migration from the countryside

answer

increased the population of cities over ten thousand by 44 percent

question

Urbanization increased most rapidly in

answer

northwestern Europe, matching the level of urbanization previously found in the Italian states and the Iberian peninsula.

question

was less urban than western Europe

answer

Eastern Europe

question

largest European city, with 675,000 inhabitants.

answer

1750 London

question

the top of the social system

answer

Landed nobles

question

composed of urban officials, merchants, professionals, and landowners, developed a distinctive way of life

answer

The middle class

question

Below the middle class

answer

artisans and shopkeepers, organized in professional guilds, worked with journeymen, apprentices, servants, and laborers.

question

Women married to artisans and shopkeepers

answer

often ran both businesses and families ; Predominantly female domestic servants were increasingly common in large cities.

question

Social differences were reflected in

answer

literacy rates, which were higher among the upper classes.

question

Literacy among the lower classes was more common in

answer

Protestant countries

question

Growing middle-class literacy contributed to the development of a new

answer

literate public in cities. Books and periodicals became more common from the 1690s, beginning in Britain and the Dutch Republic. In England magazines were established and many provincial newspapers, often read in coffeehouses, were published by 1720. Newspapers developed more slowly on the continent.

question

The new literate public also interested itself in

answer

painting and concerts and patronized new writers and artists, who now had new sources of income beyond the church, rulers, and courtiers

question

The audience for the arts

answer

expanded, leading to the appearance of new forms of political and social criticism.

question

challenged baroque and classical schools

answer

Rococo painting

question

Public concerts were first performed in

answer

England in the 1670s and became more frequent from the 1690s.

question

introduced the oratorio, which combined the drama of opera with the majesty of religious and ceremonial music and featured the chorus over the soloists

answer

The German composer George Frideric Handel (1685-1759)

question

Pietism rocked the complacency of the established churches in

answer

Protestant Europe

question

Quietism and Jansenism had a common emphasis on mystical union with God and simple but intense devotional practice in

answer

Catholic France

question

took a revivalist turn in the 1720s. Adherents resisted government attempts to control the movement

answer

Jansenism

question

William III, prince of Orange and king of England and Scotland (r. 1689-1702), forged an alliance including

answer

Britain, the Dutch Republic, Sweden, Austria, and Spain, which fought Louis to a stalemate in the Nine Years' War (1689-1697).

question

The diplomatic system in the early eighteenth century proved successful enough to ensure

answer

that nations followed the model of the Peace of Westphalia (1648): in the midst of every crisis and war, the great powers would convene and work out a written agreement detailing the requirements for peace.

AP Euro : The Making of the West. Chapter 17. – Flashcards

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