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Treaty of Versailles

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Ended WWI, made Germany take responsibility and they were forced to pay for damages

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Rhineland

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The area along the Rhine river, France used it against Germany

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Rome-Berlin Axis

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Alliance between

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League of Nations

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Organization to keep the peace in Europe. They didn't enforce any laws because they wanted to be peaceful

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Mussolini

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Well known Italian socialist who later became prime minister

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Fascism/Nazism

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An ideology that exalts the nation above the individual and calls for a centralized government with a doctoral leader, economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition

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Operation Barbarossa

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Plan to invade Russia by Germany

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Lebensraum

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(Living space) amount of land and empire occupies

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Appeasement

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The policy, followed by the European nations in the 1930s, of accepting hitlers annexation of Austria and Czechoslovakia in the belief that meeting his demands would assure peace and stability

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Neville chamberlain

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British politician and prime minister (1937-1940) who advocated a policy of appeasement toward the fascist regimes of Europe. He was forced to declare war on Germany after its invasion of Poland in 1939.

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Munich conference

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the pact signed by Great Britain, France, Italy, and Germany on September 29, 1938, by which the Sudetenland was ceded to Germany

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Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact

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A treaty made by Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 that opened the way for both nations to invade Poland

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Blitzkrieg

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(Lightning war) a violent surprise offensive by massed air forces and mechanized ground forces in close coordination

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Maginot Line

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A line of fortification constructed in the 1930s along France's border with Germany. Thought to be impassable, the line was bypassed and later captured by the Germans in 1940.

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Dunkirk, France

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A city of northern France on the North Sea. In World War II more than 330,000 Allied troops were evacuated from its beaches in the face of enemy fire

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Luftwaffe

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The German air force before and during World War II.

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Battle of Britain

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(in World War II) the series of aerial combats that took place between British and German aircraft during the autumn of 1940 and that included the severe bombardment of British cities.

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Grand alliance

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The Grand Alliance was an alliance made during World War II, which joined together the United States (led by Franklin Roosevelt), the Soviet Union (led by Joseph Stalin) and Great Britain (led by Winston Churchill).

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Pearl Harbor

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On Sunday, December 7, 1941, Japanese planes attacked the base, and the United States entered World War II the following day.

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El Alamein

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A town of northern Egypt on the Mediterranean Sea. In a decisive battle of World War II the British forces under Bernard Montgomery defeated Erwin Rommel's German troops here in November 1942.

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Stalingrad

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A major battle between German and Soviet troops in World War II. The battle was fought in the winter of 1942-1943 and ended with the surrender of an entire German army. Stalingrad is considered a major turning point of the war in favor of the Allies.

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Normandy

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The American and British invasion of France in World War II; Normandy is a province of northern France. The successful invasion began a series of victories for the Allies, and Germany surrendered less than a year later.

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Unconditional surrender

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Complete, unqualified surrender of a belligerent nation. An unconditional surrender is a surrender in which no guarantees are given to the surrendering party.

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Mein Kampf

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the autobiography (1925-27) of Adolf Hitler, setting forth his political philosophy and his plan for German conquest.

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"final solution"

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the Nazi program of annihilating the Jews of Europe during the Third Reich.

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Heydrich

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High ranked nazi official, helped orchestrate Kristallnacht (attacks against Jews in parts of Austria)

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Night of Broken Glass

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Kristallnacht. This day in 1938 saw the organized destruction of Jewish businesses and homes in Munich, as well as the beating and murder of Jewish men, women, and children.

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Einstatzgruppen

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A group that was created to round up polish Jews and execute them

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Supercentralization

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The term given to the soviet unions communist party

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Hiroshima and Nagasaki

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In August 1945, during the final stage of the Second World War, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The two bombings, which killed at least 129,000 people, remain the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in history.

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Terhan

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a city in and the capital of Iran, in the N part: wartime conference of Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin 1943. (It was the first of the ww2 conferences of the "big three"

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Yalta

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a conference held in Yalta in February 1945 where Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill planned the final stages of World War II and agreed to the territorial division of Europe

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Potsdam

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A city of northeast Germany on the Havel River near Berlin. The city was the site of the Potsdam Conference (July-August 1945), at which American, British, and Soviet leaders drew up preliminary plans for the postwar administration of Germany and assigned various captured territories to Poland.

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Cold War

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A state of political tension and military rivalry between nations that stops short of full-scale war, especially that which existed between the United States and Soviet Union following World War II.

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Marshall plan

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Economic recovery plan designed and implemented by the United States to assist with recovery efforts for Western Europe after World War II. The Marshall Plan was implemented in 1947 and provided $13 billion in loans to deteriorated countries in Western Europe. The plan was named after Secretary of State General Marshall who constructed the foundation and drafted the proposal for the U.S. Congress. The plan was not accepted by the majority of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.

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Truman doctrine

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President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology

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Berlin airlift

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A military operation in the late 1940s that brought food and other needed goods into West Berlin by air after the government of East Germany, which at that time surrounded West Berlin ( see Berlin wall ), had cut off its supply routes. The United States joined with western European nations in flying the supplies in. The airlift was one of the early events of the cold war.

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Nuremberg Trials

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Trials of Nazi leaders conducted after World War II. A court set up by the victorious Allies tried twenty-two former officials, including Hermann Goering, in Nuremberg, Germany, for war crimes. Goering and eleven others were sentenced to death. Many of the highest officials of Nazi Germany, including Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels, and Heinrich Himmler, had committed suicide before they could be brought to trial, and Goering killed himself before he could be executed.

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German occupation

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The total breakdown of civil administration throughout the country required immediate measures to ensure the rebuilding of civil authority. After deposing Admiral Karl Dönitz, Hitler's successor as head of state, and his government, the Allies issued a unilateral declaration on June 5, 1945, that proclaimed their supreme authority over German territory, short of annexation. The Allies would govern Germany through four occupation zones, one for each of the Four Powers--the United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union.

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