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Thomas Malthus

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Author of Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) who claimed that population grows at an exponential rate while food production increases arithmetically, and thereby that, eventually, population growth would outpace food production.

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David Ricardo

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"Iron Law of Wages"-wealthy English stockbroker and leading economist-coldly spelled out the pessimistic implications of Malthus's thought-his iron law of wages stated that because of the pressure of pop. growth, wages would always sin to subsistence level. With more food came more children, neverending cycle.

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Utilitarianism

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The theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

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John Stewart Mill

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philosopher and economist who led the utilitarian movement in the 1800s; he came to question unregulated Capitalism; he said it was wrong for workers to lead deprived lives; he favored a cooperative system of agriculture and woman's rights, including the right to vote; he wanted gov't to get rid of large class divisions

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Positivism

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A philosophy developed by the French count of Saint-Simon. Positivists believed that social and economic problems could be solved by the application of the scientific method, leading to continuous progress. Popular in France and Latin America. (616)

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critics of middle class worldview

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Congress of Vienna

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Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon

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Revolutions of 1820's through 1830's

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Klemens von Metternich

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This was Austria's foreign minister who wanted a balance of power in an international equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression

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French Revolution of 1830

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Second rebellion against Bourbon monarchy; essentially a liberal movement resulting in the creation of a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy

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Charles x

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set out to restore the absolute monarchy with the help of the ultraroyalists. Tried to repay nobles for lands lost during the revolution, but the liberals in teh legislative assemly opposed him. Eventually, he issued the July Ordinances.

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Greek Independence

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Greece won independence from Turks in 1830, Both Serbia and Greece were being helped by Russia, and Russia shared Slavic language and Christian Orthodoxy with two territories

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Louis Philippe

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"Citizen King" of France who favored measures that benefited the middle class.

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Karl Marx

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German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have had a profound influence on the social sciences.

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Hegel

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Was a German philosopher who wrote and influenced many others (like Marx) with his writings. He is most often characterized by his 'three-step process' of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis.

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laissez faire

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idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs

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Joseph Proudhon

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(1809-1865) Socialist. Thought industrialization had destroyed worker's rights; that workers had the right to profit from their own labour. Argued for limited possession. Hated government.

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Germaine de Stael on germany

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urged the French to embrace German Romanticism

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Henri de Saint-Simon

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One of the most influential socialist thinkers was a nobleman, Count Henri de Saint-Simon. He was an early utopian socialist, who advocated industrial development. Saint-Simon also stressed in highly moralistic terms that every social institution ought to have its main goal improved for the poor. Saint-Simon's stress on industry and science inspired middle-class industrialists and bankers such as the Pereire brothers, founders of the Crédit Mobilier. (p.764)

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George Sand

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French femaile author of more than eighty novels who took a man's name and dressed in male attire to protest the treatment of women

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Eugene Delacroix

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French romantic painter, master of dramatic colorful scenes that stirred the emotions. Greatest romantic painters. Fascinated with remote and exotic subjects. Masterpiece: Liberty Leading the People

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English Reform Bill of 1832

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An act of Parliament that changed the electoral system of England. It was passed in the House of Commons and introduced by Prime Minister Earl Grey. The bill was at first very controversial and it was proposed three times before it was passed due to the lack of approval by the House of Lords. However, once they were threatened by 10 liberals entering the House they changed their minds. It lowered the voting standards, allowing the middle class to have more of a say.

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1848 Revolutions

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made by middle class liberals trying to appeal to the working class for additional pressure for •better representative gov't •civil liberty •unregulated economic life

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Battle of Peterloo

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(1819) This battle, occurred in Manchester, England. It was more of a massacre than a battle; people had gathered to discuss political reform and spread new ideas, and were killed by government troops.

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Liberalism

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a political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties.

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Carlsbad Decrees

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A set of restrictions on Germany introduced by Metternich in 1819 to end reform movements and rebellions.

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Holy Alliance

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A league of European nations formed by the leaders of Russia, Austria, and Prussia after the Congress of Vienna

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Corn Laws

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These laws forbade the importation of foreign grain without the prices in England rising substantially

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Repeal of Corn Laws

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The repeal of the dreaded Corn Laws in 1846 was a major victory for classical liberalism and the middle class in England. It is a good example of the new power of the middle class in British politics. (Power that was gained in the Great Reform Bill of 1832).

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Romanticism

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a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization

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Nationalism

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love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it

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Socialism

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a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.

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Iron Law of Wages

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David Ricardo formulated the iron law of wages, which said that because of the pressure of population growth, wages would be just high enough to keep workers from starving. (p.761)

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Rotten boroughs

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Depopulated areas of England that nevertheless sent representatives to Parliament.

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Decembrists' Revolt

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Opposition to Alexander. Young aristocrats who served in Napoleonic wars. Favored the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the abolition of serfdom.

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Nicholas I

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(1825-1855) Russian Tsar that succeeced Alexander; he strengthened the secret police and the bureaucracy. He was also wiling to use Russian troops to crush revolutions, as he greatly feared them.

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Ypsilanti

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leader of the revolution in Greece, used nationalism to inspire the Greeks, supported because the populous of Europe loved the Greek culture

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Jeremy Bentham

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creator of Utilitarianism. Advocates "the greatest happiness for the greatest number." Used the Pain-Pleasure litmus test, rather than ideology

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Auguste Comte

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French philosopher remembered as the founder of positivism. Saw human history as 3 stages: theological, metaphysical and scientific. Founded "sociology." Influenced Realpolitik

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Adam Smith

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Economist who wrote Wealth of Nations; Laissez-Faire economics

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Robert Owen

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This man both helped to lead the first national union in England and advocated the use of children in factories

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