AP Euro chapter 15 – Flashcards
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Population during the seventeenth century continued to be affected by the plague
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Europe's population expanded during the 16th century, the first major recovery of European population since the Black Death. By 1650, the population began declining especially in central and southern Europe. War, famine, plague, and another "little ice age" continued to affect population levels and created social tensions.
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The witchcraft craze of 16th and 17th centuries
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Trials were help in England, Scotland, Switzerland, Germany, and some parts of France, the Low Countries, and New England in America. Over 100,000 people throughout Europe were persecuted. The witchcraft hysteria began to subside by the mid-seventeenth century for all of the following reasons: -a tempering of religious passions in the wake of religious wars. -the growing unwillingness of magistrates to accept the conditions generated by trials of witches. -the stabilization of governments after a period of crisis. -the questioning of traditional attitudes toward religion.
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Most of the fighting during the Thirty Years' War took place in Germanic Lands
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Thirty Years' War seen as "last of the religious wars" however became more secular. Became a Europe-wide struggle. Germany was divided into two armed camps anticipating a religious war after the Calvinist ruler of Palatinate, Frederick IV assumed the leadership in forming a league or German Protestant states called the Protestant Union and Duke Maximilian of the south German state of Bavaria organized the Catholic League of German states as a counteract. HRE and Europe was also divided bc Hasburg emperors wanted to strengthen their power in HRE but German princes resisted. HRE turned to Spain for help and princes turned to enemies of Spain (France).
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Gustavus Adolphus, who led the Lutheran armies in the Thirty Years' War until he was killed at Lützen, was king of Sweden.
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Gustavus Adolphus was responsible for reviving Sweden and transforming it into a great Baltic power. A military genius, he brought a disciplined and well-equipped Swedish army into northern Germany. He was a devout Lutheran and wanted to aid Protestants in Germany. Swedish forces won at Battle of Lutzen but their king was killed. However, the imperial army defeated the Swedes at the Battle of Nordlingen and drove them out of S. Germany, guaranteeing that S. Germany would remain Catholic.
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As a result of the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, German states were allowed to determine their religion.
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Peace of Westphalia ensued that all German states were free to determine their own religion. 300+ states that made up HRE were virtually independent since each could conduct its own foreign policy. Hasburg emperor reduced power. Peace of Westphalia also separated religion and politics. Pope was disregarded in all decisions of Peace of Westphalia and political motives became guiding forces in political affairs as religion became a matter of personal conviction/individual choice.
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France, Following the Thirty Years' War, became dominant in Europe.
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Territorially, France gained parts of western Germany, part of Alsace, and the 3 cities of Metz, Toul, and Verdun, giving the French control of the Franco-German border area.
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Imperial general Albrect von Wallenstein was assassinated on the orders of Emperor Ferdinand.
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Wallenstein was called to the imperial side out of desperation. He was assassinated in 1634 on the orders of Emperor Ferdinand.
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"military revolution" (1560-1660)
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By 17th century, war played an important role and military power was essential to a ruler's reputation&power. New military techniques identified with the military revolution: -standing armies based upon conscription. -increased use of the musket and bayonet. -larger sailing ships, known as "ships of the line." -the education of officers in military schools. Large armies/navies needed heavier taxes, making war a greater economic burden and important part
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Cardinal Richelieu understood that, in Louis XIV's France, the most important roadblock to building a strong monarchy was _________.
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resistance by the great nobles.
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Jacques Bossuet's "Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture" was the fundamental seventeenth-century statement of divine-right monarchy.
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Jacques Bossuet was one of the chief theorists of divine-right monarchy, a French theologian, and court preacher. Argued that gov. was divinely ordained so that humans could live in an organized society. God reigned through established kings, therefore a kings power was absolute and from God. Believed kings had responsibilities and limits on their power.
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Absolutism
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Ultimate authority rests solely in the hands of a king who rules by divine right (make laws, tax, administer justice, control the state's administrative system, determine foreign policy).
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As Louis XIII's chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu was most successful in strengthening the central role of the monarchy in domestic and foreign policy.
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-eliminated political/military right of Huguenots, but allowed them religious privileges, making them more reliable subjects -acted cautiously with the influential French nobility -developed a network of spies to uncover noble plots and crushing conspiracies, eliminating a major threat to royal authority -sent out intendants (royal officials) to provinces to execute orders of central government. Intendants strengthened power of the crown.
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The Fronde, an uprising in France that nearly overthrew Louis XIV early in his reign, a revolt of the French nobility.
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The nobles of the robe, the service nobility of lawyers and administrators led the first Fronde which broke out in Paris and ended by compromise (1648-9). The second Fronde (1650-2) was led by the nobles of the sword, who were descended from the medieval nobility. Wanted to overthrow Marzarin (successor of Louis XIII) to secure nobility positions and increase power. 2nd Fronde was crushed bc the nobles began fighting each other instead of Marzarin. End of Fronde concluded that French royalty would create stability and Louis XIV took over supreme power (1661).
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Louis XIV restructured the administration of the French government by all of the following
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-personally dominating the actions of his ministers and secretaries. -adding loyal followers from relatively new aristocratic families to the royal council. -making the court a main arena where rival aristocratic factions jockeyed for power. -using Versailles as a place where powerful subjects came to find favors and offices for themselves and their supporters.
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Louis XIV used his palace at Versailles to dominate the nobility and display his grandeur.
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Became home to high nobility and princes of the blood. Became a symbol for the French absolutist state and the power of the Sun King, Louis XIV. Visible manifestation of France's superiority and wealth, intended to overawe subjects/impress foreign powers.
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The overall practical political purpose of the court of Versailles was to reduce the independence of the high nobility and royal princes.
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Versailles was the residence of the king, reception hall for state affairs, an office building for the members of the king's government, and the home of thousands of royal officials and aristocratic courtiers. By keeping high nobility/princes involved in the tons of activities of daily life at Versailles, Louis excluded them from real power while allowing them to share in the mystique of power as companions of the king.
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Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau revoked the earlier Edict of Nantes
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Louis felt the existence of Protestants undermined his own political authority and issued the Edict of Fontainebleau (and revoked the Edict of Nantes), which provided for the destruction of Huguenot churches and the closing of Protestant schools. Supported by Catholic lay people. who rejected Protestant legal rights, banned them from gov. meetings and destroyed Protestant church to regain Catholic control of heavily populated Protestant regions. 200,000 Huguenots sought asylum in England, United Provinces, and German states.
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The chief reason for the wars of Louis XIV was his desire to insure the dominance of France in all Europe.
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Increase in royal power and desire for military glory led Louis to wage war. Made war a continuous activity of his reign. To achieve prestige and military glory benefitting the Sun King as well as to ensure the domination of his Bourbon dynasty over European affairs, Louis wages 4 wars from 1667-1713.
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The War of Spanish Succession ended with the Peace of Utrecht and of Rastatt.
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Peace of Utrecht (1713) and of Rastatt (1714) confrimed Philip V as the Spanish ruler, initiating a Spanish Bourbon dynasty that would last into the 20th century, they also affirmed that the thrones of Spain and France were to remain separated. The Spanish Netherlands, Milan, and Naples were given to Austria, and the emerging state of Brandenburg-Prussia gained additional territories. Because of Utrecht, England received Gibraltar, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay and Nova Scotia, making England a formidable naval force.
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After the conclusion of the Thirty Years' War in 1648, the Holy Roman Empire was not really an empire at all but rather...
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three hundred little Germanies, each state virtually autonomous and sovereign.
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Frederick William the Great Elector built Brandenburg-Prussia into a significant European power by making the General War Commissariat...
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levy taxes for the army and oversee its growth and training. To prevent nobles from challenging Frederick's political control, he gave nobles unlimited power over peasants, exemption from taxation, and highest army and Commissariat ranks. Built economy with domestic industry. Laid the groundwork for Prussian state.
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The Habsburg emperor was many things:
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-archduke of Austria -king of Bohemia -king of Hungary
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Spain exerted the most influence on Italy by
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the 18th century. From the beginning of Philip II's reign un 1556-1713, Spanish presence was felt everywhere in Italy besides Florence, the Papal States, and Venice, who were able to remain independent.
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Russian society in the seventeenth century was characterized by a highly oppressive system of serfdom.
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Very arranged (stratified) Russian/Moscow societies. At the top was the tsar (ruler) who claimed to be a divinely ordained autocratic ruler. Upper class of landed aristocrats dominated society. An abundance of land and a shortage of peasants made serfdom desirable to the landowners. Townspeople were also controlled, merchants couldn't leave on business/sell to other classes w/o gov. permission.
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***Peter the Great: His program of Europeanization was predominantly technical and aimed at his realm (Russia)
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Goal to create a strong army/navy and the acquisition of new territory to make Russia a great power. Made a trip to the West, admired European technology, wanted to transplant to Russia to give him the army/navy he needed to make Russia a great power. 25 years of peasants to build a standing army of 210,000 men. Formed first Russian navy. Reorganized central gov. Increased military offices. Create nobility based on merit. Benefited women.
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***Peter the Great's ambition was to
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make Russia into a great state and a military power. Wanted to "open a window to the west" make a port easily accessible to Europe.
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Scandinavia in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
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witnessed Sweden become a second-rate power after the Great Northern War.
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In 1529 and again in 1683, Vienna was seriously threatened by the Ottoman Empire.
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The ottoman Empire possessed a highly effective gov. system and a well-organized military system. Attempted to conquer Vienna in 1529 but failed. In 1683, Ottomans marched through Hungary and laid siege to Vienna. Retreated and pushed out by a European coalition. Retained core of empire, but was never a threat to Europe again.
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***The "sleeping giant" of Eastern Europe in the first half of the seventeenth century was
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the Ottoman Empire. Occupied by domestic blood-letting and severely threatened by a challenge from Persia, Ottomans were content with status quo and were inactive.
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Under the liberum veto, an act of the Polish Sejm could be vetoed by any member of the Sejm.
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The Sejm was an assembly in which landowners dominated. Kings had to agree to share power with the Sejm, proving disastrous for central monarchial authority, and leaving Poland a confederation of semi-independent estates of landed nobles.
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***In the seventeenth century the prominence of the Dutch Republic as a great power was supported by
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-Peace of Westaphalia -Economic prosperity -Shipping and commerce -William of Orange
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James I of England alienated most of the members of Parliament by insisting on his right to govern through divine right.
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James I supported divine right of kings (kings receive power directly from God, are responsible only to God). Parliament had grown accustomed under the Tudors to act on the premise that monarch and Parliament together ruled England as a "balanced polity." Parliament refused James' requests for additional monies needed by the king to meet the increased cost of gov. Also alienated Parliament by religious policy. Puritans (prominent ppl in England) favored a Presbyterian model but James supported Anglican, who was a major supporter of monarchial authority.
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Among other things, the Petition of Right maintained that the King could pass no new tax without the consent of Parliament.
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Prohibited taxation w/o Parliament's consent. Charles I reneged the agreement bc of its limitations on royal power. Began on a personal rule, collected taxes (a levy on seacoast towns to pay for coastal defense and other gov. operations), arousing opposition from merchants and gentry. Long Parliament placed limitations of royal authority [abolition of arbitrary courts&ship taxes, and the Triennial Act (Parliament must meet once every 3 year)]. Radical parliamentarians wanted to go further and a large group led by John Pym and other Puritans decided the king had gone too far and England entered a civil war.
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After eleven years of personal rule, Charles I was forced to call parliament into session in 1640 because he was unable to defend England against a Scottish rebellion.
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People suspected Charles was attempting to return the Anglican Church to Catholic popery. When Charles and the Archbishop Laud attempted to impose the Anglican Book of Common Prayer on the Scottish Presbyterian Church, the Scots rose up in rebellion against the kings. Charles was financially strapped and unable to raise troops to defense and forced to call Parliament.
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***Under Charles II, Parliament passed the Test Act to stipulate that only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices.
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England had restored the Anglican Church as its official church. Charles was perhaps inclined towards Catholicism and his brother James (heir to the throne) was openly Catholic. Charles issues the Declaration of Indulgence, which suspended the laws that Parliament had passed against Catholics and Puritans. Parliament was anti-Catholic and passed the Test Act.
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The incident that prompted the nobles to depose James II was the birth of a son to his second wife, a Catholic.
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James II attempted to further Catholic interests and opposed the Test Act, making Catholics the high positions in gov, army, navy, and universities. Parliamentary outcries stopped short bc James was old and his successors were his Protestant daughters Mary and Anne (born to first wife), but his son was then born to his second wife, a Catholic.
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The "Glorious Revolution" in 1688 in England was significant for bloodlessly deposing James II in favor of William of Orange.
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7 prominent English noblemen invited William of Orange, husband of James' daughter Mary, to invade England. William and Mary raised an army and invaded England while James, his wife, and his infant son fled to France. The Revolution Settlement confirmed William and Mary as monarchs.
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The English Bill of Rights laid the foundation for a constitutional monarchy.
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Bill of Rights affirmed Parliament's right to make laws and levy taxes and made it impossible for kings to oppose or do w/o Parliaments by stipulating that standing armies could be raised only w/ the consent of Parliament. Elections of members and debates in Parliament had to be free (king could not interfere). Rights of citizens to petition the sovereign, keep arms, have jury trial, and not be subject to excessive bail were confirmed. Bill of Rights fashioned a system of gov. based on rile of law and a freely elected Parliament.
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***Thomas Hobbes stated that human nature was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" before society was organized.
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Thomas Hobbes was concerned with the revolutionary upheavals in his contemporary England. Hobbes has been associated with the state's claim to absolute authority over its subjects, a topic that he elaborated in his major treatise on political thought, "Leviathan." He claimed that humans were guided not by reason and moral ideals but by animalistic instincts and a ruthless struggle for self-preservation. To save themselves from destroying each other, people contracted to form a commonweath, which placed its collective power into the hands of a sovereign authority. This absolute ruler possessed unlimited power. Subjects may not rebel and if they do, they must be suppressed.
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***John Locke was responsible for the political work called "Two Treatises of Government"
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Locke disagreed with Hobbes & argued against the absolute rule of one man. Locke believed that before the organization of society, humans lived in a state of equality and freedom. Like Hobbes, Locke did not believe that all was well in the state of nature. Without an impartial judge, people mutually established a government to ensure the protection of their rights. Gov. protect people's rights, people act reasonable toward gov. If gov. broke agreement, new gov. formed. Community of people was primarily the aristocracy who were represented in Parliament. His ideas were important to the Americas and the French in the 18th century, used to support demands for constitutional gov, rule of law, protection of rights.
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The artistic movement Mannerism reached its peak with the work of El Greco.
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Mannerism reflected an environment of anxiety, uncertainty, suffering, and a yearning for spiritual experience in its attempt to break down the High Renaissance principles of balance, harmony, and moderation. Painters distorted rules of proportion by portraying elongated figures to convey a sense of suffering/strong emotional atmosphere. El Greco studied in Venice and Rome and became a church painted in Toledo in Spain. Painted elongated and contorted figures, unusual shades of yellow/green against eerie gray backgrounds.
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Baroque art attempted to blend the feelings of the religious reformations with classical Renaissance art.
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Baroque began in last quarter of 17th century, spread to rest of Europe and Latin America, and supported by Catholic reform movement (at Catholic courts of the Hasburgs in Madrid, Prague, Vienna, & Brussels. Resisted in France, England, Netherlands). Dramatic effects to arouse emotions. Reflected search for power during 17th century chaos. Baroque church/palaces extremely magnificent&richly detailed.
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Peter Paul Rubens was the Baroque painter who used violent motion, heavily fleshed nudes, and dramatic use of light and shadow, and rich sensuous pigments in his painting.
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Flemish master, prolific artist, important figure in spread of the Baroque. Expressed intense emotion. Restless forms/constant movement blend together into a dynamic unity.
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***Gian Lorenzo Bernini was the Baroque artist who completed Saint Peter's Basilica and Ecstasy of Saint Theresa
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Gian Lorenzo Bernini, an Italian architect and sculptor, was possibly the greatest figure of the Baroque. Action, exuberance, profusion, and dramatic effects mark his work in the interior of Saint Peter's Basilica where his "Throne of Saint Peter" hovers. In his most striking sculptural work, "Ecstasy of Saint Theresa", Bernini depicts a moment of mystical experience using elegant draperies and expression to create a sensuously real portrayal of physical ecstasy.
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***The Dutch painter Rembrandt van Rijn was noted for being one great Protestant painter of the seventeenth century
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During early years, Rembrandt painted rich opulent (rich) and grandiose (magnificent) portraits and scenes that were colorful. Prolific and successful, he turned away from materialistic success and followed his own artistic path, but lost public support and died bankrupt. Shared Dutch predilection for realistic portraits but grew introspective. Did not follow contemporaries (largely secular); half his paintings depicted biblical scenes. Since Protestant tradition of hostility to religious pictures had discouraged artistic expressions, Rembrandt stands out.
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***The patriotic enthusiasm and pride of the English during the Elizabethan era is best characterized by the plays of William Shakespeare.
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The Elizabethan era is called the greatest age of English literature because most of the English cultural flowering of the late 16th and early 17th cent. occurred during Elizabeth I's reign. Exhibits the exuberance and pride associated with England's international exploits at the time. Drama best expressed the energy and intellectual versatility. Shakespeare was a "complete man of the theater", master of the English language, he was instrumental in codifying the transitional English language. Plays exhibited his understanding of human condition and psychology.
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***Judith Leyester
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The first female painter admitted to the Guild of St. Luke in Haarlem and who painted Dutch realism, scenes from everyday life.
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***The French playwright Moliére is noted for...
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-Benefitting from the patronage of King Louis XIV -Enjoyed favor of the French court -Writing, producing, and acting in a series of comedies that satirized the religious and social world -His "Tartuffe" where he ridiculed religious hypocrisy -Satires got him in trouble, the Paris banned "Tartuffe" for five years
